Boros Finland

Finnish
Finnish
suomi, suomen kieli
Kopolombusan	IPA: [ˈsuo̯mi] ⓘ, [ˈsuo̯meŋ ˈkie̯li]
Sandad id	Finland, Sweden, Norway (in small areas in Troms and Finnmark), Russia
Etnik	Finns
Momoboros sandad	5.0 million ; Finland: 4.75 million (2023) ; Sweden: 200,000-250,000 (2022) ; Norway: 8,000 (Kven) ; Russia (Karelia): 8,500 ; US: 26,000 (2020)
Rumpun boros	Uralic Finnic Northern Finnic Finnish; ; ;
Dialek	Southwest; Tavastian; South Ostrobothnian; Central and Northern Ostrobothnian; Peräpohjola; Savonian; South Karelian;
Sistem ponuatan	Latin (Finnish alphabet); Finnish Braille
Status nokoimagon
Boros nokoimagon id	Finland; European Union; Nordic Council
Boros nookunan do minoriti; id	Sweden (official minority language); Russia (Karelia); Norway (Finnmark)
Tinoina do	Language Planning Department of the Institute for the Languages of Finland
Kod boros
ISO 639-1	fi
ISO 639-2	fin
ISO 639-3	fin
Linguasphere	41-AAA-a
	Primary spoken language Minority spoken language
	Artikel nopo diti nga kiwaa simbol fonetik IPA. Sokiro aiso rendering support, kokito kou kanto do tanda ponguhatan, kupuk, toi ko' simbol suai om okon ko' aksara Unicode. Montok tapanai kointutunan kokomoi simbol IPA, intangai Kouhupan:IPA.

Finnish (endonym: suomi [ˈsuo̯mi] ⓘ or suomen kieli [ˈsuo̯meŋ ˈkie̯li]) nopo nga boros Finland id paganakan boros Uralic i gunoon do majoriti mogiigiyon Finland om etnik Finland id labus Finland. Boros Finland nopo nga iso mantad duo boros rasmi Finland om nogi boros Sweden. Goduuduo boros Finland id Sweden om Meankieli (i kiwaa pomorotian miagal di okito nopo nga boros Finland^[5]) nopo nga boros minoriti rasmi. Kven, miagal nogi do Meankieli nopo nga lobi orotian miampai do boros Finland, ii guugunoon id watas Troms om Finnmark Norway mantad do minoriti kiraha Finland.

Boros Finland nopo nga maya tipologi aglutinatif^[6] om momoguno do boros ponugku dohuri ii osomok no maya eksklusig. Boros ngaran, boros ula, boros ponowoliu ngaran, numbul om boros maan nopo nga simbanan tumanud poranan id panandatan. Panandatan toomod nopo nga kosoruan obontuk miampai nuludan hogot do subjek-boros maan-objek, sundung do momoguno infleksi do poinlaab ii milo uludan maya misuai..^[7] Ortografi Finland nopo nga momoguno pimato skrip Latin i kinintodonon mantad pimato Sweden om fonemik id taang do tagayo. Rinaru vokal om konsonan nopo nga pisuayon, om kiwaa mogikaakawo diftong sundung do korontob o koharmonian vokal ii totos milo.

Klasifikasi

Boros Finland nopo nga poinsuang id raan Finland mantad paganakan boros Uralic; mantad dii, ii nopo nga iso mantad piipiro boros Eropah ii okon boros Indo-Eropah. Raan Finland nogi nga kiwaa boros Estonia om piipiro boros minoriti ii guugunoon id posorili Rahat Baltik om id Republik Karelia Rusia. Tompinai tosomok nopo do Finland nogi nga Ingrian tumanud do komoyon, Karelian. Obontuk o noputan dialek Boros Finland miampai poomitanan, boros Finland om Estonia nopo nga au pitongkiadon do nombo-nombo isogloss tunggal om pitongkiadon maya dialek nopo nga mongondos do "Finland" mantad, ii noondos do "Estonian", sundung do goduuduo boros standard nopo di nga au milo rotion do miampayat.^[8]

Boros Finland nopo nga popokito piromutan miampai boros Uralic do suai (miagal boros Hungary om Sami) id piipiro bontuk aspek kohompit no:

Miilang do morfologi:
- dohuri pimato tagayo miagal genitif -n, partitif -(t)a / -(t)ä ( < Proto-Uralic *-ta, mantad ablatif), essive -na / -nä ( < *-na, asalnya locatif)
- pananda jamak -t om -i- ( < Proto-Uralic *-t om *-j, soosondii)
- dohuri posesif miagal to tulun koiso tunggal -ni ( < Proto-Uralic *-n-mi), tulun kumo-2 tunggal -si ( < Proto-Uralic *-ti).
- mogikaakawo dohuri terbitan (poom. kausatif -tta/-ttä < Proto-Uralic *-k-ta)

Tinimungan boros impohon nopo nga miilang do korespondensi tuni toomod miampai boros Uralic do suai (poom. kala 'ikan' ~ North Saami guolli ~ Hungarian hal; om kadota 'natagak' ~ North Saami guođđit ~ Hungarian hagy 'noiduanan (dolikud)'.

Piipiro teori nopo nga nokoimbulai kokomoi nintodonon geografi Finland om boros Uralic do suai. Pogintangan di totos ogumu nopo nga kitadon yolo sabaagi boros Proto-Uralic id iso kinoiyonon do talun boreal id toning do koiyonon Nulu Ural toi ko' selekoh Volga tanga. Kiis di ogirot montok Proto-Uralic nopo nga sokodungon do tinimungan boros toomod miampai kooturan id surat-menyurat tuni, tu fakta nopo nga kipiagalan o boros Uralic id suang struktur om puralan boros.^[9] Sundung kiwaa taburan geografi di mionsit, boros Finland om boros Sami nopo nga au mionit tosomok om hipotesis nod "Finno-Samic" taksonomi nopo nga misuai id kontroversi.

Institut Boros Portahanan id Monterey California, Amirika Syarikat nopo nga mongklasifikasi do boros Finland sabaagi boros taang III (mantad apat taang) id sogi do kopogonon minsingilo montok mimboros sandad do boros Inggilis.

Kointayadan Geografi

Boros Finland nopo nga guugunoon do kiikiro limo juta tulun ii kogumuan poingiyon id Finland. Kiwaa nogi minoriti mimboros Finland di nointutunan id Sweden, Norway, Russia, Estonia, Brazil, Canada, om id Amirika Syarikat. Majoriti mogiigiyon Finland (90.37% ontok 2010[noinwoguan]^[11]) nopo nga mimboros Finland sabaagi boros koiso diolo. I wokon nopo nga mimboros doSweden (5.42%),^[11] iso boros Sami (miagal ko' Utara, Inari toi ko' Skolt) toi ko boros suai nopo nga boros koiso diolo. Boros Finland id Estonia nopo nga guugunoon sabaagi boros koduo do kiikiro 167,000 tulun.^[12] Varieti Finland di norubaan id Finnmark Norway (ii nopo nga Kven) om id utara Sweden (ii nopo nga Meankieli) kistatus boros minoriti rasmi om ondoson yolo do misuai mantad boros Finland. Sundung do ingkaa, gama do milo orotian goduuduo boros diti, sosongulun kaanu mogintong dii sabaagi dialek boros di miagal.

Status rasmi

Baino diti, boros Finland nopo nga iso mantad duo boros rasmi Finland (iso nopo nga boros Sweden) om nosiliu boros rasmi Koisaan Eropah mantad di toun 1995. Sundung do ingkaa, au haro status rasmi do boros Finland id pogun dii ontok timpu pomorintaan Sweden ii nolimpupusan ontok toun 1809. Kopongo koponoodoon do Grand Duch of Finland, om kiponolikud do gura Fennoman id boros Fennoman, nakaanu o boros di do status rami id Finnish Diet ontok 1863.^[13]

Dialek

Dialek boros Finland nopo nga abaagi kumaa duo tinimungan di misuai, Barat om Timur.^[14] Dialek dii nopo nga somboogian tagayo di orotian om kopisuai mantad tiso om tiso miampai pisimbanan vokal, diftong om loyuk miampai no do pamansayan puralan boros di pinili. Montok somboogian tagayo, kioperasi o dialek id fonologi om puralan boros di miagal. Kiwaa poomitanan tokoro tuni toi ko' pamansayan puralan boros poimbida montok piipiro dialek om au haro id boros Finland standard. Duo poomitanan nopo nga frikatif nipanan kirolou ii kiwaa id dialek Rauma om kiis nokolobi Timur.

Slang Helsinki (Stadin slangi)

Akaun poinsuat koiso di noilaan id slang Helsinki nopo nga mantad cerpen Hellaassa ontok 1890 mantad di Santeri Ivalo tomulok (hogot i au haro id suang to ko' nokosuai mantad, boros Finland standard i ginuno ontok zaman dii miampai pimato di akapal):

Kun minä eilen illalla palasin labbiksesta, tapasin Aasiksen kohdalla Supiksen, ja niin me laskeusimme tänne Espikselle, jossa oli mahoton hyvä piikis. Mutta me mentiin Studikselle suoraan Hudista tapaamaan, ja jäimme sinne pariksi tunniksi, kunnes ajoimme Kaisikseen.^[15]

Carta dialect do Finnish

Koiyonon dialek tradisional Finland pogulu Pisangadan pomogunan ^[16]^[17]

Finnish dialects
- Western dialects
  - Southwest Finnish dialects
    - Proper Finnish dialects
      - Northern dialect group
      - Southern dialect group
    - Southwest Finnish middle dialects
      - Pori region dialects
      - Ala-Satakunta dialects
      - dialects of Turku highlands
      - Somero region dialects
      - Western Uusimaa dialects
  - Helsinki slang
  - Tavastian Dialects
    - Ylä-Satakunta dialects
    - Heart Tavastian dialects
    - Southern Tavastian dialects
    - Southern-Eastern Tavastian dialects
      - Hollola dialect group
      - Porvoo dialect group
      - Iitti dialect group
  - South Ostrobothnian dialects
  - Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects
    - Central Ostrobothnian dialects
    - North Ostrobothnian dialects
  - Peräpohjola dialects
    - Torne dialects ("Meänkieli" in Sweden)
    - Kemi dialects
    - Kemijärvi dialects
    - Gällivare dialects ("Meänkieli" in Sweden)
    - Finnmark dialects ("Kven language" in Northern Norway)
- Eastern dialects
  - Savonian dialects
    - North Savonian dialects
    - South Savonian dialects
    - Middle dialects of Savonlinna region
    - East Savonian dialects or North Karelian dialects
    - Kainuu dialects
    - Central Finland dialects
    - Päijänne Tavastia dialects
    - Keuruu-Evijärvi dialects
    - Savonian dialects of Värmland (Värmland, Sweden and Innlandet, Norway; extinct)
  - South Karelian dialects
    - Proper South Karelian dialects
    - Middle dialects of Lemi region
    - Dialects of Ingria (in Russia)^[18]

Poomitanan

boros formal	boros colloquial	rati	nuut
hän menee he menevät	se menee ne menee	"he/she goes" "they go"	loss of an animacy contrast in pronouns (ne and se are inanimate in the formal language), and loss of a number contrast on verbs in the 3rd person (menee is 3rd person singular in the formal language)
minä, minun, ...	mä(ä)/mie, mun/miun, ...	"I, my, ..."	various alternative, usually shorter, forms of 1st and 2nd person pronouns
(minä) tulen (minä) olen	mä tuun mä oon	"I'm coming" or "I will come" "I am" or "I will be"	elision of sonorants before short vowels in certain Type III verbs along with vowel assimilation, and no pro-drop (i.e., personal pronouns are usually mandatory in the colloquial language)
onko teillä eikö teillä ole	o(n)ks teil(lä) e(i)ks teil(lä) oo	"do you (pl.) have?" "don't you (pl.) have (it)?"	vowel apocope and common use of the clitic -s in interrogatives (compare eiks to standard Estonian confirmatory interrogative eks)
(me) emme sano	me ei sanota	"we don't say" or "we won't say"	the passive voice is used in place of the first person plural
(minun) kirjani	mun kirja	"my book"	lack of possessive clitics on nouns
(minä) en tiedä syödä	mä en ti(i)ä syyä	"I don't know" "to eat"	elision of [d] between vowels, and subsequent vowel assimilation (compare mä en ti(i)ä to standard Estonian ma ei tea or dialectal forms ma ei tia or ma ei tie)
kuusikymmentäviisi	kuuskyt(ä)viis	"sixty-five"	abbreviated forms of numerals
punainen ajoittaa	punane(n) ajottaa	"red" "to time"	unstressed diphthongs ending in /i/ become short vowels, and apocope of phrase-final -n
korjannee	kai korjaa	"probably will fix"	absence of the potential mood, use of kai 'probably' instead

Kiwaa pisuayan di okito kopio id pialatan do dialek. Boros formal do hiti nopo nga komoyon boros di gunoon id suang majlis-majlis formal nga boros standard di au nokoimbulai maya praktikal nopo nga okito id bontuk ponuatan.

Fonologi

Fonologi segmen

Inventori fonem boros Finland nopo nga sederhana okoro,^[19] miampai ginumu segmen vokal di ogumu om set kawo konsonan di kirontob, om goduuduo nopo nga milo ponoruon om ponibaon.

Segmen vokal

Monoftong Finland nopo nga popokito walu kualiti vokal di misuai id suang tempoh. Alofoni vokal nopo nga kirontob. Toinsanan vokal nopo nga aanu id goduuduo putul boros gulu om okon gulu, au mintong anaru toi ko' oniba. Vokal tanaru om toniba nopo nga okito id siriba.

	Doguang		Dolikud
	Au buluguon	Buluguon	Dolikud
Antaban	i iː	y yː	u uː
Pintangaan	e eː	ø øː	o oː
Ukabon	æ æː		ɑ ɑː

Kualiti vokal tanaru nopo kogumuannya mionsit miampai kualiti vokal toniba, suai ko u, ii kilongkod miampai do uu; vokal tanaru au kosimban sumiliu diftong. Kiwaa hopod om walu diftong; miagal vokal, diftong nogi nga au haro alofoni di okito kopio.

Konsonan

Boros Finland nopo nga kiinventori konsonan di okoro miampai rolou nopo nga kogumuan okon sondii om frikatif nopo nga au asaru. Id jadual id siriba, konsonan id bracket au mintong id piipiro pagalasan baino toi ko' alofon montok fonem suai.

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Postalv./ Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	aiso rolou	p	t̪		k
Plosive	kirolou	(b)	d		(ɡ)
Fricative		(f)	s	(ʃ)		h
Approximant		ʋ	l	j
Trill			r

Prosodi

Kouyuuyuon boros Finland (kiwaa id piipiro boros Uralic suai) nopo nga keharmonian vokal om morfologi aglutinatif; tu' pomogunoon poinlaab do tohuri, hogot nopo nga kosiliu do anaanaru.

Panatalan gulu nopo nga toriirimo id putul boros koiso om id pibarasan di polombuson miampai momoruhang lobi kurang 100 ms lobi anaru mantad vokal di pinosotol.^[20] Panatalan nopo nga au monimban di milo tukuon id kualiti vokal (au miagal do boros Inggilis). Sundung do ingkaa, au opurimanan o panatalan di ologod om hogot-hogot di okito. Id piipiro kiis, panatalan nopo nga olumoyo gisom titik takawas volum, pic om popoopokito suai nopo nga "intensiti artikulasi" nopo nga okon ko id putul boros koiso, sundung do mombooboros sandad nopo nga mongiktiraf do putul boros koiso sabaagi panatalan.

Morfonologi

Boros Finland nopo nga kiwaa proses morfonologi di nuru ponimbanan bontuk hogot montok pibarasan tikid tadau. Proses di toponsol kopio nopo nga keharmonian vokal om ponggredan konsonan.

Ortografi

Bolikan koiso do *Abckiria* (1543), buuk koiso i sinuat id boros Finland. Ijaan boros Finland id buuk diti nopo nga kiwaa ogumu au konsisten miagal ko', /k/ tuni nopo nga oobian do ⟨c⟩, ⟨k⟩ om nogi ⟨g⟩; /uː/ om /iː/ nopo nga noobian do ⟨w⟩ om ⟨ij⟩ sondii, /æ/ om noobian do ⟨e⟩.

Boros Finland nopo nga suaton miampai pimato Latin kohompit no do aksara di misuai ä⟩ om ⟨ö⟩, om nogi piipiro aksara (⟨b, c, f, q, w, x, z, å, š⟩ om ⟨ž⟩) poimbida montok hogot di okon boros Finland. Ortografi Finland nopo nga tumanud do prinsip fonemik: potiitikid fonem (tuni kirati) boros nopo nga miagal id iso grafem (pimato obibas) om potiitikid grafem nopo nga obian ii kotunud iso fonem. Ahal diti popomilo ijaan tosinang om papasanang do pambasaan om ponuatan. Kooturan praktikal ortografi Finland nopo nga monuat maamaso do mambasa, mambasa maamaso monuat. Sundung do ingkaa, popotindohoi o morfem do ijaan dau sundung do sandhi.

Puralan boros

Boros Finland nopo nga boros Sintetik ii momoguno aglutinasi ekstensif ponugku kumaa boros maan, boros ngaran, boros ula om numbul. Sundung do ingkaa, boros Finland maya koizaai nopo nga ondoson sabaagi polisintetik, nisbah-morfem-kumaa-hogot nopo nga osiriba mantad boros polisintetik prototaip.(e.g., Yup'ik)^[21]

Leksikon

Poomitanan dohuri terbitan boros Finland id boros ngaran
Suffix	Used to create...	Example(s)	Notes
-ja / -jä	agents from verbs	lukea 'to read' → lukija 'reader'
-sto / -stö	collective nouns	kirja 'a book' → kirjasto 'a library' laiva 'a ship' → laivasto 'navy, fleet'
-in	instruments or tools	kirjata 'to book, to file' → kirjain 'a letter' (of the alphabet) vatkata 'to whisk' → vatkain 'a whisk, mixer'
-uri / -yri	agents or instruments	kaivaa 'to dig' → kaivuri 'an excavator' laiva 'a ship' → laivuri 'shipper, shipmaster'
-os / -ös	result nouns from verbs	tulla 'to come' → tulos 'result, outcome' tehdä 'to do' → teos 'a piece of work'
-ton / -tön	adjectives indicating the lack of something	onni 'happiness' → onneton 'unhappy' koti 'home' → koditon 'homeless'
-kas / -käs	adjectives from nouns	itse 'self' → itsekäs 'selfish' neuvo 'advice' → neuvokas 'resourceful'
-va / -vä	adjectives from verbs	taitaa 'to be able' → taitava 'skillful' johtaa 'to lead' → johtava 'leading'
-llinen	adjectives from nouns	lapsi 'child' → lapsellinen 'childish' kauppa 'a shop, commerce' → kaupallinen 'commercial'
-la / -lä	locations (places related to the stem)	kana 'a hen' → kanala 'a henhouse' pappi 'a priest' → pappila 'a parsonage'
-lainen / -läinen	inhabitants (of places), among others	Englanti 'England' → englantilainen 'English person/thing' Venäjä 'Russia' → venäläinen 'Russian person or thing'.	formed from -la / -lä plus -inen

(kopodolinan mantad di Liesl Yamaguchi's 2015 "Unknown Soldiers")

Kopolombusan om frasa impohon

Sampel tuni do Hyvää huomenta

Finland	Kopodolinan	Nuut
Ponuau suau
(Hyvää) huomenta!	Sonong kosuabon
(Hyvää) päivää!	Alansan do osonong tadau nu!	gunoon ontok monuau suau om nogi soira mitongkiad.
(Hyvää) iltaa!	Sonong sodopon	used on greeting and also when taking farewell
Hyvää yötä! Öitä!	Sonong totuong
Terve	lit. 'Olidas!'	Used on greeting, modified as Terve vaan! ('health continue!')
Moro Hei(ppa) Moi(kka)	Kopisanangan! Logot-logot!	Used on greeting and also when taking farewell
Moi moi! Hei hei!	Hino po!	Used when taking farewell
Nähdään	Koruba kaagu!	Lit. the passive form of nähdä 'to see'
Näkemiin	Hino ko po!	Lit. 'Until seeing', illative of the third infinitive
Hyvästi	Hino ko no!
Hauska tutustua! Hauska tavata!	Osonong nokoruba dika!	Hauska tutustua is literally 'nice to get acquainted', and hauska tavata is literally 'nice to meet'
Mitä kuuluu? Miten menee?	Poingkuro ko no?	Mitä (sinulle/teille) kuuluu is literally 'what (to you) is heard?' or 'what concerns you?'
Kiitos hyvää Kiitos hyvin	Osonong, pounsikou	Kiitos hyvää is an appropriate response to Mitä kuuluu?, whereas Kiitos hyvin is an appropriate response to Miten menee?
Tervetuloa!	Miagal!	Tervetuloa is used in a broader range of contexts in Finnish than in English; for example to mean 'looking forward to seeing you' after arranging a visit
Hogot toponsol om frasa
Anteeksi	Talib po
Kiitos Kiitoksia	Kounsikou/Milo?	Kiitos/kiitoksia nopo maya literal "pounsikou" nga oguno nogi soira mokianu iso-iso ahal miagal ko 'uhupai/milo" ka id boros Kadazandusun.
Kiitos, samoin	Pounsikou	Lit. 'pounsikou' (gunoon sabaagi ponimbar kumaa mogunsikou.
Ole hyvä	Miagal!
Kyllä	Hoo'
Joo	Hoo'
Ei	Okon
Voitko auttaa?	Milo ko monguhup?
Apua!	Uhupai!
Totta kai! Tietysti! Toki!	Milo bo!
(Paljon) onnea	Ba maan no! Bayahan
Olen pahoillani	Siou ki
Odota	Dapo
Pieni hetki Pikku hetki Hetkinen	Kadapo ki.
Otan osaa	Siou mantad doho.
(Minä) ymmärrän.	Karati oku.
En ymmärrä.	Au oku karati.
Suomi	Finland
Suomi Suomen kieli	Finnish (boros)
Suomalainen	(noun) Finn; (adjective) Finnish

Influence on Tolkien

Profesor J. R. R. Tolkien, sundung do nointutunan sabaagi monuunuat, kikaanangan isio do poinralom id boros mantad di tokoro po om nosiliu puru fiologi profesional maya nosiliu Profesor do Anglo-Saxon id Oxford University. Pinolombus disio do koinsan nogi nokoruba do Finland:

"lmiagal ko nokoruba linimput saralom tana wain ii poimponu miampai butul wain di osonong kopio mantad kawo om roso di au insan noumbalan pogulu di gisom do pinapauk doho..."^[22]

Pambasaan potilombus

Karlsson, Fred (2008). Finnish: An Essential Grammar. Routledge Essential Grammars (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-43914-5.
Karlsson, Fred (2018). Finnish – A Comprehensive Grammar. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82104-0.
Whitney, Arthur H (1973). Finnish. Teach Yourself Books. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-05782-7.

Noputan labus

Sukuon

↑ StatFin -Väestörakenne - 11rm - Kieli sukupuolen mukaan kunnittain, 1990-2023
↑ Finska språket i Sverige
↑ Finnish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑ О государственной поддержке карельского, вепсского и финского языков в Республике Карелия (id boros Rusia). Gov.karelia.ru. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 11 October 2017. Linoyog ontok 6 December 2011.
↑ Öst, Heidi (2013). "Recent Legal Developments in Sweden: What Effect for Finnish and Meänkieli Speakers?". European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 10 (1): 563–582. doi:10.1163/22116117-01001026. ISSN 1570-7865.
↑ Haspelmath, Martin Dryer; Gil, Matthew S; Comrie, David; Bickel, Bernard; Balthasar Nichols, Johanna (2005). Fusion of selected inﬂectional formatives. Oxford University Press. OCLC 945596278.
↑ Vilkuna, Maria (1989). Free word order in Finnish : its syntax and discourse functions. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. ISBN 951-717-558-2. OCLC 997419906.
↑ Viitso, Tiit-Rein (2000). Finnic Affinity. Congressus Nonus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum I: Orationes plenariae & Orationes publicae. Tartu.
↑ Branch, Hannele (28 April 2009). "Who's afraid of Finnish?". thisisFINLAND. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 30 September 2015. Linoyog ontok 29 December 2017.
↑ "Tunnuslukuja väestöstä alueittain, 1990-2021". Tilastokeskus. 27 May 2022.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 "Population". Statistics Finland. 9 January 2024. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 11 June 2020. Linoyog ontok 17 December 2011.
↑ "Ethnic nationality. Mother tongue and command of foreign languages. Dialects". pub.stat.ee. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2 October 2019. Linoyog ontok 7 March 2018.
↑ Karlsson, Fred (30 August 2017). Finnish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315743547. ISBN 978-1-315-74354-7.
↑ "Suomen murteet". Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 27 September 2007. Linoyog ontok 3 January 2008.
↑ Kauhanen, Erkki Johannes (1 June 2002). "Slangi.net: Slangin historia" (id boros Finnish). Slangi.net. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 3 February 2010. Linoyog ontok 30 September 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (8 June 2022). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic". PLOS ONE (id boros Inggilis). 17 (6): e0269648. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769648R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648. PMC 9176854. PMID 35675367.
↑ Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri.
↑ Savolainen, Erkki (1998). "Suomen murteet" [Finnish dialects]. Internetix. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 30 December 2005.
↑ Maddieson, Ian (2013). Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Consonant Inventories". The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 4 May 2020. Linoyog ontok 4 May 2020.
↑ Kirmse, U; Ylinen, S; Tervaniemi, M; Vainio, M; Schröger, E; Jacobsen, T (2008). "Modulation of the mismatch negativity (MMN) to vowel duration changes in native speakers of Finnish and German as a result of language experience". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 67 (2): 131–143. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.10.012. PMID 18160160.
↑ Sapir, Edward (1978). Language, an introduction to the study of speech. London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon. ISBN 0-246-11074-0. OCLC 8692297.
↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1981). "Letter no. 163 (to W. H. Auden, 7 June 1953)". Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. George Allen & Unwin. p. 214. ISBN 0-04-826005-3.

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[5] Öst, Heidi (2013). "Recent Legal Developments in Sweden: What Effect for Finnish and Meänkieli Speakers?". European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online. 10 (1): 563–582. doi:10.1163/22116117-01001026. ISSN 1570-7865.

[6] Haspelmath, Martin Dryer; Gil, Matthew S; Comrie, David; Bickel, Bernard; Balthasar Nichols, Johanna (2005). Fusion of selected inﬂectional formatives. Oxford University Press. OCLC 945596278.

[7] Vilkuna, Maria (1989). Free word order in Finnish : its syntax and discourse functions. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. ISBN 951-717-558-2. OCLC 997419906.

[8] Viitso, Tiit-Rein (2000). Finnic Affinity. Congressus Nonus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum I: Orationes plenariae & Orationes publicae. Tartu.

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[12] "Ethnic nationality. Mother tongue and command of foreign languages. Dialects". pub.stat.ee. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2 October 2019. Linoyog ontok 7 March 2018.

[13] Karlsson, Fred (30 August 2017). Finnish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315743547. ISBN 978-1-315-74354-7.

[14] "Suomen murteet". Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 27 September 2007. Linoyog ontok 3 January 2008.

[slanginet-15] Kauhanen, Erkki Johannes (1 June 2002). "Slangi.net: Slangin historia" (id boros Finnish). Slangi.net. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 3 February 2010. Linoyog ontok 30 September 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[16] Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (8 June 2022). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic". PLOS ONE (id boros Inggilis). 17 (6): e0269648. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769648R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648. PMC 9176854. PMID 35675367.

[17] Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri.

[18] Savolainen, Erkki (1998). "Suomen murteet" [Finnish dialects]. Internetix. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 30 December 2005.

[19] Maddieson, Ian (2013). Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Consonant Inventories". The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 4 May 2020. Linoyog ontok 4 May 2020.

[20] Kirmse, U; Ylinen, S; Tervaniemi, M; Vainio, M; Schröger, E; Jacobsen, T (2008). "Modulation of the mismatch negativity (MMN) to vowel duration changes in native speakers of Finnish and German as a result of language experience". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 67 (2): 131–143. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.10.012. PMID 18160160.

[21] Sapir, Edward (1978). Language, an introduction to the study of speech. London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon. ISBN 0-246-11074-0. OCLC 8692297.

[22] Tolkien, J. R. R. (1981). "Letter no. 163 (to W. H. Auden, 7 June 1953)". Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. George Allen & Unwin. p. 214. ISBN 0-04-826005-3.

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