Gua Rusa

Deer Cave
Deer Cave
Gua Rusa
	Wayaan sumuang do Gua Rusa
Location	Taman Pogun Gunung Mulu, Sarawak
Length	2,160 m (7,090 ft)
Height variation	196.64 m (645.1 ft)
Discovery	1961
Entrances	1
Access	awam
Show cave opened	1985
Features	Wayaan gua koduo bobos tagayo id pomogunan; bobos tagayo nopo nga nokito id Sơn Đoòng antakan toun 2009
Website	Official website

Gua Rusa, poinladsong miinsomok do Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia nopo nga iso gua kagayat id suang do Taman Pogun Nulu Mulu. Nointangan iti di toun 1961 di G. E. Wilford mantad do British Borneo Geological Survey, i mangaga' do Mulu nopo nga kaanu papaasil lobi ogumu gua id timpu dumontol.^[3] Gua i otutunan nogi sabaagi Gua Payau toi ko' Gua Rusa montok tulun Penan om Berawan songkinoyonon nopo nga nakaanu ngaran mantad do paus di minongoi id kinoyonon dii montok monila do watu kitusi om mintulungung.^[4]

Kotolinahasan om sajara pogintangan

Nokopata o gua diti miampai poinlaab maya do ekspedisi Royal Geographical Society di toun 1978.^[5] Pinapaasil yolo do ponipangan 174 meter (571 kaki) linaab om 122 meter (400 kaki) kinawas id suang do iso boogian maya do nuluhon montok sinodu do 1 km (0.62 watu). Pongintangan potilombus di toun 2009 nopo nga pinopoingkawas do ninaru wayaan kumaa do 4.1 km (2.5 watu) om pinopooput do Gua Lang, iso kawagu gua kopokitanan id suang do taman, kumaa Sistom gua Rusa. Pinoindalan o pogintangan diti do Institut Hoffman id Universiti Western Kentucky, pinopokito do kinoyonon keratan rentas maksimum nopo nga id wayaan kabaatan di tagayi. Nokodokumen iti miampai 169 m linaab miampai 125 meter kinawas do siling. Wayaan ponong koibutan nopo nga kikinawas siling do bobos tagayo miampai 148 meter om linaab do keratan rentas nopo nga 142 meter. Wayaan do sumuang kumaa Gua Rusa nopo nga notipong soginayo do 146 meter.^[6]

Sajara geologi

Kotolinahasan kokomoi pombontukan gua nopo nga miungkait kopio miampai do sajara geologi pulou Borneo diti sondii. Id pialatan do 40,000,000 SM om 20,000,000 SM, lapik sendimen miampai kinapal 1,500 m i otutunan sabaagi watu kapur, soboogian tagayo nopo nga kakahut rahat i noinsok, pinoingkakat id lagun di winonsoi do terumbu karang. Kapamanahon plat tektonik Asia om Australia papasabap do nogulung o kerak pomogunan om pinopoingkawas do tindal, om pinopoimbulai do pulou Borneo om konuluhan Mulu, lobi kuang limo riong toun pogulu. Mantad dii, nokosimban o landskap maya do hakisan potilombus mantad rasam om tongus.

Kogumuan do kinoyonon id nulu diti nopo nga mantad watu kapur, i otonu soira oontok do waig, om opian nobontuk sabaagi do karst. Waig rasam nogi nga lumuyung sumuang id kowotuan sedimen kiluang kalapas kawaya do tana om mononu do watu kapur, minonginlaab do luang om koromukon, hinonggo pinopoimbulai do gua miampai dimensi di olumis kopio miagal do Gua Rusa. Proses sandad diti nopo nga kakal po koindalan om papasabap do koinlaab o gua diti id timpu dumontol.

Wayaan om kotombuluyan

Wayaan kotombuluyan kumaa gua (om poingompus do taman) nopo nga nukaban di toun 1984.^[2] Landskap diti nopo nga minamagayat do lobi kuang 25,000 tutumombului mantad pogun-pogun id pointongkop pomogunan monikid toun.

Montok sumuang id Gua Rusa, nuru do sumuang pogulu id Taman Pogun Nulu Mulu, maya do Kota Kinabalu toi ko' kakadayan somok do Miri. Sokiro momoguno do Malaysian Airlines, lobi kuang 30 minit mantad Miri kumaa Mulu. Milo nogi rikoton o gua taman diti momoguno do bot mantad Marudi, nga nuru momuking pogulu tu' aiso bot koubasan di maya do kinoyonon diti.

Wayaan kumaa Gua Rusa nopo nga mantad Taman Pogun maya do wayaan pamanahon gakod soninaru 3 km i kawaya do kinoyonon tana pamah om talun rasam tropika watu kapur miampai kayu tagayo om watu kapur. Mamanau gakod nopo nga iso aktiviti di kagayat kumaa tutumombului tu' milo yolo maya do talun rasam (lobi kuang 55,000 ha (140,000 hektar))^[7] om miampai do Gua Pamalabangan Penan nokodori.

Piipiro pamabangan winonsoi nopo nga pinotounda id suang do gua, nga lampung ponitiu nopo nga posoguon montok kogunoon sondii id kinoyonon di lobi otuong. Lobi agayat o tutumombului kumaa kouludan stalagmit poinsuai-suai om nogi kouludan khusus miinsomok do wayaan sumuang id gua i kiharo piagalan di misuai ko' profil di Abraham Lincoln.^{[minog do kisukuon]}

Id koibutan kosilahon do gua dii nopo nga poingukab i komoyon do Taman Eden, lobi kuang 1 km linaab, poinlontung pobulugu i nosorilian do tolig watu kapur miampai kinawas 150–300 m (490–980 kaki) mantad tolu tisan om piras nulu mantad di kaapat. Taman Eden nopo nga lembah karst toi ko' luang kotonomon miampai isipadu 150 riong meter padu, boogian siriba nopo nga olikupan do talun rasam.^[8]

Fauna

Antakan di toun 2008, Putera Albert II mantad Monaco nopo nga tinumombului id Taman Pogun Nulu Mulu montok popohimagon do sistom komira wagu sabaagi soboogian mantad Kinoyonon Pogintangan om Ponoriukan do Pungit, id somok do wayaan sumyang do Gua Rusa. Otutunan sabaagi do Bat Cam, teknologi pongintangan diti nopo nga popomilo do tutumombului om saintis montok mogintong lobi kuang 3 riong pungit^[9] (lobi ko' 30 kawo) i poingion id suang do Gua Rusa miampai au momirumbak do tionon toi ko' wowonsoyon diolo, popotounda do kakamot kigatang montok ponoriukan fauna gua.^[10] Kinoyonon mogintong nogi nga winonsoi id labus, id siriba do wayaan sumuang, mooi do tutumombului nopo nga kaanu mogintong "pongundolihon pungit" monikid totuong maamaso sumoliwan yolo mantad gua om tumulud id suang do ponguludan di opitat.

Lobi ko' 12 kawo pungit norubaan id suang do Gua Rusa.^[11]

Cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea)
Greater sheath-tailed bat (Emballonura alecto)
Bornean horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus borneensis)
Philippine horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus philippinensis)
Cantor's roundleaf bat (Hipposideros galeritus)
Fawn roundleaf bat (Hipposideros cervinus)
Dayak roundleaf bat (Hipposideros dyacorum)
Diadem roundleaf bat (Hipposideros diadema)
Lesser tail-less roundleaf bat (Coelops robinsoni)
Lesser bentwing bat (Miniopterus australis)
Naked bat (Cheiromeles torquatus)
Free-tail or wrinkle-lipped bat (Chaerephon plicata)

Nakaanu do ngaran o Gua Rusa mantad do paus sambar (Cervus unicolor), kawo rusa di au oubasan mantad do Malaysia, i pinoposiliu do soboogian tionon diolo id kinoyonon do miinsomok do gua. Suai ko' iri, ogumu po tayam suai miagal do tombolog enggang badak, wogok kiganggut, bohuang tadau om giboon id kinoyonon diti.

Gua diti nogi nga ponokowalai montok tongkuyu waig ayami troglobiont mantad genus Cerberusa.^[12]

Posorili

Notumbayaan o Gua Rusa sabaagi wayaan gua bobos tagayo id pomogunan gisom do kinorubaan Gua Sơn Đoòng id Taman Pogun Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng id Vietnam di toun 2009. Iti nopo nga soboogian do Taman Pogun Nulu Mulu, Kinoyonon Tungkus Pomogunan UNESCO i kikawo sabaagi gua om pombontukan karst di olumis kopio id suang do talun rasam khatulistiwa konuluhan.

Gua Cleanwater, miampai lobi kuang 60 km wayaan di noilaan, naangap sabagi sistom gua bobos tanaru id Asia Kabaatan Kosilahon. Noiktiraf iti tu' kiwaa wayaan siriba tana di otolinahas, otutunan kumaa tutumombului. Poinladsong o Gua Angin id wayaan di miagal kumaa id gua Clearwater, i otutunan miampai tongus. Haro o liwang di roiton sabaagi King's Room, iso gua i kitorigi watu tagayo id koduo-duo siling om siliu. Gua Lang nopo nga gua bobos tokoro i ukaban kumaa tulun ginumuan. Sundung pia miagal dii, ginayo diti manahak kosiwatan mantad osomok montok mogintong do piipiro mogigion gua miagal do pungit om bambayangan walit.

Sukuon

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 "Deer Cave". The Mulu Caves Project. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 31 Madas 2018. Linoyog ontok 29 Gumas 2018.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Yi Chuan, Shi (2010). "Gunung Mulu National Park". World Heritage Datasheet. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 27 Gumas 2018. Linoyog ontok 27 Gumas 2018.
↑ Wilford, G.E. (1964), The Geology of Sarawak and Sabah Caves
↑ Tsen, 1993^{[incomplete short citation]}
↑ White, William Blaine; Culver, David C. (2012). Encyclopedia of Caves. Academic Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0-12-383832-2.
↑ "The Largest Passage on Earth". Mulu Caves Project. 2009. Linoyog ontok 21 Milatok 2016.
↑ Malaysia Archived 27 Madas 2011 at the Wayback Machine at Asean-tourism.com
↑ "Garden of Eden, Sarawak". Wondermondo.com. Mikat 2014.
↑ Caves. Planet Earth (TV mini-series). BBC. 2006.
↑ Mulu Park Batcam
↑ Hall, Leslie S. The Magic of Mulu. BATS Magazine, Volume 12, Issue 4, Winter 1994.
↑ Holthuis, L.B. "Cavernicolous And Terrestrial Decapod Crustacea From Northern Sarawak, Borneo". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 171 (1): 1–47. Linoyog ontok 7 Mikat 2023.

Noputan labus

[Mulu_Caves_Project-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 "Deer Cave". The Mulu Caves Project. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 31 Madas 2018. Linoyog ontok 29 Gumas 2018.

[World_Heritage_Datasheet-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Yi Chuan, Shi (2010). "Gunung Mulu National Park". World Heritage Datasheet. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 27 Gumas 2018. Linoyog ontok 27 Gumas 2018.

[3] Wilford, G.E. (1964), The Geology of Sarawak and Sabah Caves

[4] Tsen, 1993^{[incomplete short citation]}

[5] White, William Blaine; Culver, David C. (2012). Encyclopedia of Caves. Academic Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0-12-383832-2.

[6] "The Largest Passage on Earth". Mulu Caves Project. 2009. Linoyog ontok 21 Milatok 2016.

[tourism-7] Malaysia Archived 27 Madas 2011 at the Wayback Machine at Asean-tourism.com

[wondermondo-8] "Garden of Eden, Sarawak". Wondermondo.com. Mikat 2014.

[9] Caves. Planet Earth (TV mini-series). BBC. 2006.

[10] Mulu Park Batcam

[11] Hall, Leslie S. The Magic of Mulu. BATS Magazine, Volume 12, Issue 4, Winter 1994.

[holthuis1979-12] Holthuis, L.B. "Cavernicolous And Terrestrial Decapod Crustacea From Northern Sarawak, Borneo". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 171 (1): 1–47. Linoyog ontok 7 Mikat 2023.

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