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Mahatma Gandhi

Simbanai noputan
Mantad Wikipedia
Mahātmā

Gandhi
Gandhi ontok 1931
Kinosusuon
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

(1869-10-02)2 Gumas 1869
Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India
Tadauwulan
minidu pogun		30 Milatok 1948(1948-01-30) (umul 78)
New Delhi, India
NakapapataiAssassination
Monumen
Ngaran suaiBāpū (tapa), Rāṣṭrapitā ( Tapa do Bansa)
Sinikulan
Inns of Court School of Law
Kalaja
  • luyar
  • anti-kolonial
  • surupu etika pulitik
Toun mimparagat1893–1948
Ointutunan montok
Parti PulitikIndian National Congress (1920–1934)
Sawo
​
​
(m. 1883; died 1944)​
Tanak
Molohing
KoobpinayanPaganakan Gandhi
Ponorikohon do Kongres India Nasional
Dalam jawatan
Momuhau 1924 – Ngiop 1925
Preceded byMaulana Azad
Succeeded bySarojini Naidu
Mahatma Gandhi's voice
Gandhi's spiritual message to the world
Recorded 17 October 1931
Signature
Signature of Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[lower-alpha 3] (2 Gumas 1869 – 30 Milatok 1948)[2] songulun lowyer India, anti-colonial nationalist om political ethicist di momoguno saap okon ko kokodohon do manapanai gisom kalantoi campaign for India's independence mantad porinta British. Minonimpuun isio pomoguraan do ahak sivil om kinagabasan posoili pomogunan. Ii Pantangon Mahātmā (mantad Sanskrit, kirati do agayo ginawo, toi ko ii pantangon), kotimpuun nopo nga ginuna montok dau id Kabaatan Africa ontok otun 1914, di nondo gunoon id posorili pomogunan.[3]


Kosusu om nokosukod id suang paganakan Hindu id pantai Gujarat, Gandhi minluda om minsingilo kokomoi kooturan id Inner Temple id London om nolohou mongoi bar ontok umul dau 22 toun. Kalapas duo toun di au pointantu id India hinonggo au yau kawasa do lumantoi do pakalajaan kooturan, minundaliu isio id Kabaatan Afrika ontok toun 1893 sumiliu lumantoi songulun papadagang india id iso dakwa mahkama. Ontok 1915, umul 45, guminuli yau id India om au no laid minanganjul manananom, pakalaja kuli kakadayan do sumaap do diskriminasi om sukai di agayo.


minomuruan yau do Indian National Congress ontok 1921, minanapanai ii Gandhi do kimpin pointongkop pogun do mongingkuri komosikinan, popoinlaab ahak tongondu, popoturidong tugama om tinaru, popoupus aumilootopis gisom nakaanu swaraj toi ko' porinta sondii. minomoguno ii Gandhi dhoti toniba di minaan owolo' miampai banang tinurug momoguno longon sabagii tanda kointutunan do mogigion mosikin India id labus kakadayan. Nokotimpuun yau do poimpasi id komuniti di sompopori-masi, mangakan taakanon toomod om mogkodos di alaaid sabagii iso laang intropeksi om protes politik. Minogowit anti-Kolonial nasionalsme montok mogigion India, minogowit Gandhi do mogumbal British-imposed sukai tasin di pinoontok do British miampai Kapamanahon Sotinimungan Tasin Dandi sinodu 400 km (250 mi) ontok 1930 om monuhu British do sumoliwan mantad India ontok 1942. Insaru yau posuangon panjara miampai piipiro toun id goduduo Kabaatan Afrika om India.

Visi Kinagabasan India di Gandhi koimpohon mantad pluralism tugama minaan tatamai di wagu toun 1940 mantad Nasionalisme Muslim di manu popitongkiad tana montok tulun Muslim id pialatan British India. Minanahak Britain do kinagabasan kumaa India ontok Magus 1947. Mulong po ingkaa, tana porinta British minaan babako kumaa duo dominion, iri no kinoyonon majoriti Hindu India om Kinoyonon majoriti Muslim Pakistan. Mamaso ogumu tulun Hindu, Muslim om Sikh mundaliu id kinoyonon wagu, panansasana'an tugama nokoutus lolobi po id Punjab om Bengal. Mininsodu mantad karamayan kinagabasan di rasmi, minongoi ii Gandhi solowot id kinoyonon di naangayan do mumbal popoinsiriba kapaganan. Minisingwitil yau ontok tulan-tulan di kotilombus sabagii iso laang popotingkod panansasana'an tugama. Panansasana'an di tohuri nokotimpuun id Delhi ontok 12 Milatok 1948 soira norikot umul disio 78 toun. Kotumbayaan kokomoi maan di Gandhi tamangai piisaan do goduo Pakistan om Muslim India norongou do tulun Hindu id India. Songulun di nokorongou news diti nopo nga ii Nathuram Godse, songulun soudor nationalis Hindu mantad Pune, Kotonobon India, songulun di minamatai di Gandhi miampai minonimbak tolu pinulu id kangkab pitimbungakan sambayang pialatan tugama id Delhi 30 Milatok 1948.

Kinosusuan di Gandhi ontok 2 Gumas sinorou id India sabagii Gandhi Jayanti, iso tadau kinagabasan pogun, om osorou pomogunan sabagii Tadau Sompomogunan aiso panansasana'an. Notutunan ii Gandhi sabagii Tapa do pogun India kalapas kolonial. Mamaso pomoguraan nasionalis India om ontok piipiro hopod toun kalapas di oubas do tulun momolohou dau Bapu, di orotian nogi sabagii "tapa".

Koposion pogulu om ponolikudan

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Molohing

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Tapa di Gandhi, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), pakalaja sabagii dewan (luguan montiri) do watas Porbandar.[4][5] Tadon nopo paganakan dau mantad kampung Kutiana di ngaran pogulu dau nopo nga Junagadh State.[6]

Mulong po karaja di Karamchand nopo nga karani pogun do porinta no om nokosikul id sikut taang tosiriba no nga pinopokito yau do kabaalan do sumiliu porinta'.[7]

Ontok timpu diti, Nakasawo ingapat ii Karamchand. Sawo dau kumoiso om kumoduo minogidu pogu do umul di omulok kalapas minogkosusu tomulok. Sawo dau kotolu nopo nga aiso tanak. Kokito ii Karamchand ontok 1857 do kasagaan manansawo kawagu. Ontok toun dii nogi minansawo yau di Putlibai (1844–1891), songulun nontodon nogi mantad Junagadh,[7] om nokosusu id paganakan Pranami Vaishnava.[8][6][9] Nakaanu Karamchand om Putlibai do apat tanak : tanak kusai, Laxmidas (c. 1860–1914); tanak tondu, Raliatbehn (1862–1960); tanak kusai koduo, Karsandas (c. 1866–1913).[7][7] om tanak kusai kotolu, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[10] songulun di nokosusu ontok 2 October 1869 id Porbandar (otutunan nogi Sudamapuri), iso bandar pantai id Kathiawar Peninsula kalapas di id iso pogun tokoro princely state mantad Porbandar id Kathiawar Agency mantad British Raj.[11]

In 1874, Gandhi's father, Karamchand, left Porbandar for the smaller state of Rajkot, where he became a counsellor to its ruler, the Thakur Sahib; though Rajkot was a less prestigious state than Porbandar, the British regional political agency was located there, which gave the state's diwan a measure of security.[7] In 1876, Karamchand became diwan of Rajkot and was succeeded as diwan of Porbandar by his brother Tulsidas. Karamchand's family then rejoined him in Rajkot.[7] They moved to their family home Kaba Gandhi No Delo in 1881.[12]

Timpu tanganak

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Ontok timpu tanganak, ka di taka di Gandhi ii Raliat, isio nopo nga songulun di "kumanggau miagal merkuri, soira mamain om mingansau. iso hobi di korohian dau nopo nga momirud tolingo tasu."[13] Inus klasik India, lolobi po Sharavana om raja Harishcandra, haro bagas tagayo id koposion tanganak dau. Suang autobiografi disio, Gandhi minomisunud do minanahak yolo bagas di au milo lihuan on tagakon id pomusarahan. Minonuat ii Gandhi " iri minongindorosi doho om nakalakun ku no Harishchandra kumaa tinan ku sindii om aiso numbul." Kopointutunan pogulu di Gandhi miampai katapatan om tupus sabaagi gatang di akawas kopio kaanu intangan montok konoon epik diti.[14][15]

Ponolikudan tugama paganakan disio nopo nga eklektik. Nokosusu ii Mohandas id suang paganakan Gujarati Hindu Modh Bania.[16][17] Tapa di Gandhi, Karamchand, nopo kitugama Hindu om tama dau ii Putlibai nopo nga mantad Pranami Vaishnava Paganakan Hindu.[18][19] Tapa di Gandhi mantad kasta Modh Baniya id varna do Vaishya.[20] Tadon tama dau nopo nga mantad timpu pitangaan Krishna bhakti-mantad tradisi Pranami, tinimungan di teks tugama diolo poinsuang do Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavata Purana, om 14 teks koleksi miampai tituduk om kotubayaan tradisi di kaampai do tonsi Vedas, Quran om Bible.[19][21] Narahung kopio isio di tama dau, tulun di ogirot kopio do tugama "songulun di au kosorou do makan pogulu po sumambayang... onuon dau do lupu om maan dau igitai miampai aiso punayan. Aiso nuununu soira manganu duo toi ko tolu tadau mingkodos."[22]

Ontok toun siam, suminuang ii Gandhi id sikul posorili id Rajkot, somok walai dau. Mininsingilo yau do rudiments do arithmetic, history, boros Gujarati om geography do sumikul hilo.[23] Ontok umul 11 toun, minampayat ii Gandhi do Sikul Takawas id Rajkot, Alfred High School.[24] Yau nopo nga tanganak sikul toomod di kalantoi piipiro tutungkap nga songulud di oikum-oikuman om tanganak poingkogos dila miampai aiso rahi do mamain pomoinan; iso no mongoruhang di Gandhi iri no toilaan sikul om buuk.[25]

Tolu toun id London

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Mokikinobos Kooturan

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Tuminingkod ii Gandhi mantad kolej di omurah di kawasaan dau id Bombay.[26] Noonuan yau pason mantad di Mavji Dave Joshiji, songulun Brahmin om songulun tambalun paganakan do momusorou popotilombus sikul gana kooturan id London.[7][27] Ontok Madas 1888, minogkosusu sawo di Gandhi tanak kumoiso di apasih pinungaranan Harilal.[7] Au kopio asanangan tama di Gandhi di mibok om misodu kopio mantad tulion di sawo om paganakan dau. Gaman dau pinungaranan do Tulsidas nogi minumbal do mogodu kamanakon dau nga manu i kaka ii Gandhi. Montok moginsasamod tama om sawo dau, minomonsoi yau batos kumaa tama do minsodu yau mantad tonsi do tayam, tiinumon om tondu. Tabang di Gandhi pinungaranan do Laxmidas, songulun di nokosiliu no lawyer, minonginsonong do palan di Gandhi popotilombus sikul id London miampai monosot do monguhup dau. Minanahai ii Putlibai do kasagaan om kabalakatan.[7]

Ontok 10 Magus 1888, umul 18, suminoliwan mantad Porbandar minongoi id Mumbai di baino otutunan do Bombay. News posorili minomonsoi sorita kokomoi pitongkiadan mantad sikul pitangaan dau id raikot miampai minonuat do ii Gandhi nopo nga Bania di gulu kopio do mantad Kathiawar do popotilombus sikul id England montok Poniisan Poguaman dau.[28] Mamaso pongandad ii Mohandas Gandhi do berlabuh sumakai kapal moi London, nokoilo yau do nakayat yau topurimanan do otogod di Modh Banias Bombay.[28] Soira nokorikot yau id Bombay, miniyon yau miampai komuniti Modh Bania mogigion, di molohing diolo nopo nga minanahak pogoduhan kumaa di Gandhi do England nopo nga mangangat do kompromi tugama, kaakanan om tiinumon dong kotonobon. Mulong po nosunudan no di Gandhi kokomoi batos kumaa tama om sawo dau, minaan kasari yau iduo mantad kasta dau. Olingai di ahal diti om ontok 4 Manom, minamanau yau mantad Bombay moi London miampai pongintong tabang dau do minamanau yau.[29][7] Nokoamung ii Gandhi id University College, London, hinonggo minanganu yau kalas English literatur miampai di Henry Morley ontok 1888–1889.[30]

Gandhi ontok 1876 umul 7 toun.

Sukuon

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  1. ↑ "Gandhi". Archived 14 Milatok 2015 at the Wayback Machine Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ↑ "Mahatma Gandhi". Linoyog ontok 24 January 2025.
  3. ↑ Goswami, K.P (1971). Mahatma Gandhi A Chronology. Publications Division. p. 60. ISBN 9788123001395.
  4. ↑ Gandhi, Mohandas K. (2009). An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth. The Floating Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-77541-405-6. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 29 March 2024. Linoyog ontok 29 March 2024.
  5. ↑ Ganguly, Debjani; Docker, John, eds. (2008). Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-1-134-07431-0. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 21 July 2023. Linoyog ontok 21 July 2019. ... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti-colonial nationalist politics in the twentieth-century in ways that neither indigenous nor westernized Indian nationalists could.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Guha (2015), pp. 19–21.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 Guha (2015).
  8. ↑ Misra, Amalendu (2004). Identity and Religion: Foundations of anti-Islamism in India. Sage Publications. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7619-3227-7.
  9. ↑ Malhotra, S.L. (2001). Lawyer to Mahatma: Life, Work and Transformation of M. K. Gandhi. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978-81-7629-293-1. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 29 March 2024. Linoyog ontok 29 March 2024.
  10. ↑ Todd, Anne M. (2012). Mohandas Gandhi. Infobase Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4381-0662-5. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 29 March 2024. Linoyog ontok 29 March 2024. The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers.
  11. ↑ Gandhi (2008).
  12. ↑ Kateshiya, Gopal B (14 July 2024). "Know Your City: Gandhi's family house which witnessed his transformation from 'Mohan to Mahatma'". The Indian Express. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 7 October 2024. Linoyog ontok 15 July 2024.
  13. ↑ Guha (2015), p. 22.
  14. ↑ Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Sorokin2002
  15. ↑ Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber & Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1983). Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-226-73136-0. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 7 October 2024. Linoyog ontok 19 March 2023.
  16. ↑ Templat:Harvp. "The subcaste the Gandhis belonged to was known as Modh Bania, the prefix apparently referring to the town of Modhera, in Southern Gujarat."
  17. ↑ Renard, John (1999). Responses to 101 Questions on Hinduism. Paulist Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-8091-3845-6. Linoyog ontok 16 August 2020.
  18. ↑ Gandhi (2008), pp. 2, 8, 269.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Arvind Sharma (2013). Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography. Yale University Press. pp. 11–14. ISBN 978-0-300-18738-0.
  20. ↑ Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber & Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1983). Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-226-73136-0. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 7 October 2024. Linoyog ontok 29 March 2024.
  21. ↑ Gerard Toffin (2012). John Zavos; et al. (eds.). Public Hinduisms. Sage Publications. pp. 249–57. ISBN 978-81-321-1696-7.
  22. ↑ Guha (2015), p. 23.
  23. ↑ Guha (2015), pp. 24–25.
  24. ↑ Guha (2015), pp. 25–26.
  25. ↑ Ghose (1991), p. 4.
  26. ↑ Gandhi, Mohandas K. (1940). "Preparation for England". The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2 July 2012.
  27. ↑ B. R. Nanda (2019). "Mahatma Gandhi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 13 May 2017. Linoyog ontok 3 June 2017. Mahatma Gandhi, byname of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (born October 2, 1869, Porbandar, India – died January 30, 1948, Delhi), Indian lawyer, politician, ...
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Guha, Ramachandra (2014). Gandhi Before India (id boros Inggilis). Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-385-53229-7.
  29. ↑ Gandhi, Mohandas K. (1940). "Preparation for England". The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2 July 2012.
  30. ↑ Swapnajit Mitra (12 October 2014). "My Experiment with Truth". India Currents. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 16 January 2023. Linoyog ontok 16 January 2023.


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