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Susuyan do Sabah

Mantad Wikipedia
Jesselton, kiikiro toun 1911.
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History of Malaysia
Prehistoric period
Paleolithic
 Lenggong Valley c. 2,000,0000 BCE
 Mansuli Valley235,000 BCE
Mesolithic
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 Bewah man/woman 16,000 BCE
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 Neolithic Klang 500 – 200 BCE
Early kingdoms
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Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903
Pattani Sultanate 1516– 1902
Johor Sultanate 1528–present
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Selangor Sultanate 1766–present
Besut Kingdom 1780–1899
Setul Kingdom 1808–1916
Reman Kingdom 1810–1902
Kubang Pasu Kingdom 1839–1864
Colonial period
Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641
Dutch–Portuguese War 1601–1661
Acehnese conquest of Perak 1620
Dutch Malacca 1641–1824
Pahang Kingdom 1770–1881
Straits Settlements 1786–1946
Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821–1826
Anglo-Dutch Treaty1824
Burney Treaty1826
Naning War 1831–1832
Kingdom of Sarawak 1841–1946
Separation of Perlis from Kedah 1843
Crown Colony of Labuan 1848–1946
Pahang Civil War 1857–1863
Larut Wars 1861–1874
Klang War 1867–1874
Pangkor Treaty 1874
Perak War1875–1876
British Malaya / Borneo 1874–1946
Jementah Civil War 1879
North Borneo 1882–1946
Pahang Uprising 1891–1895
Mat Salleh Rebellion 1894–1905
Federated Malay States 1895–1946
Anglo-Siamese Treaty 1909
Unfederated Malay States 1909–1946
Battle of Penang 1914
Kelantan rebellion 1915
World War II

1941–1945
Malayan campaign 1941–1942
Bornean Campaign 1941–1942
Battle of Muar 1942
Parit Sulong Massacre 1942
Battle of Singapore 1942
Sook Ching 1942
Syburi 1942
Sandakan Death Marches 1942–1945
Si Rat Malai 1943–1945
Jesselton revolt 1943–1944
Formative period
BMA of Malaya/Borneo 1945–1946
Crown Colony of N. Borneo/Sarawak 1946–1963
Anti-cession movement 1946–1963
Malayan Union 1946–1948
Federation of Malaya 1948–1963
Malayan Emergency 1948–1960
Baling Talks 1955
Independence period
Malayan Independence 1957
Singapore self-governance 1959
ISA 1960 1960–2012
Sarawak Insurgency 1962–1990
North Borneo self-governance 1963
Konfrontasi 1963–1966
Sarawak self-governance 1963
Formation of Malaysia 1963
Singapore in Malaysia 1963–1965
ASEAN Declaration 1967
Second communist insurgency 1968–1989
Modern period
13 May incident 1969
National Operations Council 1969–1971
Declaration of Rukun Negara 1970
New Economic Policy 1971–1990
Federal Territory of KL 1974
1977 Kelantan Emergency 1977
Pedra Branca dispute 1979–2008
South China Sea dispute (Spratly) 1980–present
Federal Territory of Labuan 1984
Memali incident 1985
Operation Lalang 1987
Constitutional crisis 1987–1988
Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989
Royal Immunity Amendments 1993
Asian financial crisis 1997–1998
Reformasi Movement 1998–2022
H1N1 flu pandemic 2009–2010
Sedition Dragnet 2014
1MDB scandal 2015–present
Pakatan Harapan takeover 2018
COVID-19 pandemic 2020–2022
Political crisis 2020–2022
Bornean Amendment 2021–2023
Green Wave 2022–present
Incidents
Brunei revolt 1962–1966
North Borneo dispute (Philippine militant attacks) 1962–present
Singapore race riots 1964
Brunei's Limbang claim 1967–2009
Penang Hartal riot 1967
13 May Incident 1969
Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969–2002
Kuala Lumpur flash floods 1971
Malaysian haze crisis 1972–present
AIA building hostage crisis 1975
National Monument bombing 1975
Campbell Shopping Complex fire 1976
Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash 1976
Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident 1977
MH653 incident 1977
Dawn Raid 1981
1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1985
Memali Incident 1985
Sabah Emergency 1986
Ming Court Affair 1987
Penang terminal bridge collapse 1988
Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire 1989
Bright Sparklers disaster 1991
Highland Towers collapse 1993
Genting landslide 1995
MH2133 incident 1995
Pos Dipang mudflow 1996
Tropical Storm Greg 1996
1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 1998–1999
Al-Ma'unah incident 2000
Sauk Siege 2000
2001 Kampung Medan riots 2001
2002 Taman Hillview landslide 2002
Indian Ocean tsunami 2004
2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods 2006–2007
Bukit Gantang bus crash 2007
Bukit Antarabangsa landslide 2008
2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia 2009
Attacks against places of worship 2010
Cameron Highlands bus crash 2010
Hulu Langat landslide 2011
Genting Highlands bus crash 2013
MH370 incident 2014
MH17 incident 2014
2014–15 Malaysia floods 2014–2015
Sabah earthquake 2015
2015 Plaza Low Yat riot2015
Movida Bar grenade attack 2016
Kim Jong-nam's Assassination 2017
Darul Quran madrasa fire2017
2018 Subang Temple riot 2018
2020-21 Malaysia floods 2021
LRT train collision 2021
2021-22 Malaysia floods 2021–2022
2022 Batang Kali landslide 2022
2023 Elmina plane crash 2023
2024 Lumut helicopters crash 2024
2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack 2024
By topic
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Sajara toi Susuyan nopo do pogun Sabah nga milo nutun mantad kiikiro 23,000–30,000 toun di nakatalib soira haro kointutunan i popokito do kinoyonon mogigiyon di timpuunon kopio id watas diti. Sajara diti nopo nga mionit-onit miampai sajara Brunei om sajara Malaysia, i nopo nga Sabah nopo nga koumbal do boogian mantad diolo om diti nopo nga boogian po kawagu. Rekod sajara di timpuunon kopio montok Sabah sabaagi boogian mantad nunu nopo tamadun i niahun nopo nga tuminimpuun ontok abad ko-15 solinaid timpu kinalantayon Kasultanan Brunei.[1] Pogulu dilo, mogigiyon di timpuunon id tana diti nopo nga poingion id masarakat mogisuku-suku (tribal), sundung po tu masarakat dilo nopo nga potilombus po gisom toun 1900-an.[2] Boogian kosilahon Sabah nopo nga nitaahak kumaa Kasultanan Sulu do Sultan Brunei ontok 1704 gama do minonokodung Brunei montok mongiduan pamanandayan, nga kogumuan sosi nopo nga poposunud do iti nopo nga au nitaahak.[3][4] Ontok kolimpupuson alip ko-19, koduo-duo wilayah i nountun do Sultan Brunei om Sultan Sulu nopo nga nitaahak kumaa sindiket British om potilombus nopo pinisompuru siliu British North Borneo id nokourud siriba do North Borneo Chartered Company.[5] Sabah nopo nga nokosiliu pogun protektorat United Kingdom ontok 1888 om potilombus nokosiliu koloni mahkota mantad 1946 gisom 1963, i timpu dilo nopo nga nointutunan sabaagi Crown Colony of North Borneo. Ontok 16 September 1963, Sabah nopo nga tinutan miampai Tanah Melayu, Sarawak om Singapura (minidu ontok 1965) montok popowonsoi Malaysia.

Sabah Timpu Pogulu Sajara

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Tuluon do Gua Madai.

Ontok timpu Last Glacial Maximum kiikiro 20,000 toun di nakatalib, Sabah om koinsanai pulou Borneo nopo nga poingopi miampai tana tagayo Asia id iso ririkotan tana i nointutunan sabaagi Sundaland. Proses deglaciation potilombus nopo nga minonunsung kininsawaton parasan rahat sompogunan, i minogowit do Sundaland ninalit (submerged) om napaad o Borneo mantad boogian suai Asia.[6] Kinoyonon mogigiyon tulun di timpuunon kopio id wilayah diti nopo nga pituaan (believed) mantad no kiikiro 20,000–30,000 toun di nakatalib. Tulun di timpuunon diti nopo nga pituaan sabaagi tinaru Australoid toi ko' Negrito, nga soira iyolo natagak do monigowo nopo nga au nointutunan o sabap dau.[7] Kakamot watu om artifak nopo nga nabasaran id gua Madai om Baturong nogi id tapak arkeologi id Danau Tingkayu somok do daerah Kunak i nifatayar mantad 28,000 gisom 17,000 toun di nakatalib. Kakamot i nabasaran hiri nopo nga nionit sabaagi do nakalantoi (advanced) montok timpu dilo.[8] Haro bukti kinoyonon mogigiyon tulun id gua kiikiro 15,000–6,000 toun di nakatalib. Ponoriukan (study) ontok 2012 i potilombus po do Universiti Sains Malaysia om Muzium Pogun Sabah nopo nga nokointalang do kinorubaan kakamot watu id Lembah Mansuli somok do Lahad Datu i pituaan nopo nga kiumul 235,000 toun,[9] om id tapak suai id Kampong Lipasu, Bingkor i pituaan kiumul osuri-suri do 200,000 toun.[10][11] Kinorubaan wagu diti nopo nga popokito do kinoyonon mogigiyon tulun id Sabah om Malaysia nopo nga lobi laid mantad di niatagak pogulu diti, i nopo nga kiikiro 40,000 toun di nakatalib id Gua Niah, Sarawak.

Gisawat kinopindahan tulun di timpuunon kopio i natantu, i pituaan sabaagi tinaru Austronesian, nopo nga nokoindalan kiikiro 5,000 toun di nakatalib.[7] Gisawat kinopindahan diti nopo nga pituaan sabaagi timpu soira tinaru sandad tulun nulu Sabah timpu diti nokorikot di timpuunon kopio, i nopo nga tinaru Murut, Lundayeh, Kadazan-Dusun om Orang Sungai,[7] om kinoyonon mogigiyon Melayu Brunei nopo nga nokorikot do lobi kawagu.[12] Haro piituan do piipiro tulun Australoid toi ko' Negrito nopo nga nakapiamung (interbred) miampai migran Austronesian di potilombus om poingion po id Borneo,[8] om boogian suai nopo nga nindahau (migrated) kumaa kinoyonon suai miagal do Melanesia, Lesser Sunda Islands om benua Australia.[8] Piipiro antropolog miagal do S.G. Tan om Thomas R. Williams nopo nga otumbayaan do tinaru Austronesian nopo nga lobi osomok o pionitan (relationship) miampai piipiro tinimungan tinaru sandad id Filipina om Formosa (Taiwan) mantad ko' tinaru sandad i poingion somok do Sarawak om Kalimantan,[13] Kointalangan diti nogi nga nosokodung maya kinorubaan di Charles Hose om William McDougall id suang rekod diolo poingonit miampai "Pagan Tribes of Borneo".[14]

Pogulu Abad ko-15

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Iso tongkang Cina id koibutan Borneo, Kinabatangan, nifoto do Martin and Osa Johnson ontok 1935. Sultanan Brunei om Sulu nopo nga koumbal do madagang miampai Imperial China, om kinorikatan tongkang Cina diti nopo nga potilombus gisom timpu kolonial British.

Ontok abad ko-7, iso masarakat i poingion di nointutunan sabaagi Vijayapura, i manahak upeti kumaa empayar Srivijaya, nopo nga pituaan sabaagi tinimungan di timpuunon kopio nokofasiat kumaa Empayar Brunei i haro id disan rahat timur laut Borneo,[15] i nifomonsoo do Putera Funan id pialatan tinaru Dusun disan rahat di timpuunon. Iso kawagu kerajaan i nifatayar do haro tumanud rekod Cina ontok timpuunon abad ko-9 nopo nga P'o-ni, i nifomonsoo nogi do tinaru Dusun purba. Pituaan do P'o-ni diti nopo nga haro id muara Sungei Brunei om isio nopo nga tuluon pogulu kinalantayon Sultanan Brunei.[16]

Kiikiro toun 1322, misi Kristian di timpuunon kopio nokorikot id koibutan Borneo nopo nga nionit di tulun Itali, Odoric of Pordenone (nointutunan nogi sabaagi Odorio, Odoric toi ko' Odorico Mattiussi).[17][18] Potilombus nopo, ontok 1567, Koibutan Borneo nopo nga nokorimo kawagu duo mokiia' Jesuit mantad Kerajaan Portugal nga napatol do tulun Belanda ontok 1600.[19][20] Ontok 1587, haro kawagu duo mokiia' Franciscan mantad Hindia Timur Sepanyol.[21] Ontok 1687, iso mokiia' Theatine i kigaran Antonino Ventimiglia nifonit do Pope Innocent XI montok poposunud ugama Kristian id Borneo. Isio nopo nga poingion id disan rahat kosilahon koibutan Borneo solinaid limo toun,[22][23] i sabaagi iso lamban kawagu montok misi Kristian id koibutan Borneo sundung po tu haro kobolingkangan ontok timpuunon dii montok rumikot kumaa tinaru sandad hiti.[24]

Suang do Brunei Annals ontok 1410 nopo nga haro niposunud poingonit miampai kinoyonon mogigiyon tulun Cina i mafatayar id Lembah Kinabatangan id disan rahat kosilahon siring Sungei Kinabatangan i nifomonsoo do iso tulun i nointutunan sabaagi Ong Sum Ping. Iti nopo nga mionit miampai kinorubaan longon (coffin) watu id gua Agop Batu Tulug id Lembah Kinabatangan, i nionit do tinaru Dusun Sukang. Longon-longon diti nopo nga niuhir miampai koroitan i mionit miampai tonomon budaya id Cina om Vietnam, i pituaan kiumul kiikiro 700 gisom 1,000 toun (abad ko-11 gisom ko-14).[25] Mantad abad ko-14, empayar Majapahit nopo nga minomogoyot do kuasaan diolo kumaa Brunei om kogumuan wilayah disan rahat Borneo.

Empayar Brunei om Sultanan Sulu

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Main articles: Sultanate of Brunei (1368–1888), Bruneian Civil War of 1660, and Sultanate of Sulu

Sultanan Brunei nopo nga tuminimpuun soira momuruan Brunei nopo nga ninosuang ugama Islam, om nifobontuk do Murut Brunei toi ko' Lun Bawang; haro nogi sosi i poposunsuu do tinaru Bisaya (boros Dusun) i minopobontuk timpuunon Empayar Brunei. Piipiro sosi popokito do iti nopo nga nokoindalan kiikiro toun 1365 soira momuruan, Awang Alak Betatar, ninosuang ugama Islam om nointutunan sabaagi Muhammad Shah.[26] Sosi suai nopo nga mangatag do iti nopo nga nokoindalan do lobi kawagu kiikiro toun 1514 gisom 1521, sundung po tu id siriba tulun i miagal.[16][27] Solinaid timpu dilo, pionitan dagangan nopo nga nansawat, om piamungan (intermarriage) id pialatan tinaru sandad Borneo miampai dagan Cina om Arab nopo nga nokosiliu asab. Piamungan diti nopo nga minogowit do kointutunan tinaru i unik maya rupa om tinan. Pogulu kinogoyoton Sultanan Brunei, kogumuan wilayah disan rahat Borneo nopo nga id siriba kuasaan Empayar Brunei ontok timpu tuluon sultan ko-limo i nointutunan sabaagi Bolkiah id pialatan toun 1485 om 1524, miampai thalassocracy (pogun kuasaan rahat) Sultanan dilo nindau gisom Sabah, Kepulauan Sulu om Manila id koibutan, om Sarawak gisom Banjarmasin id katan.[27] Iti nopo nga timpu soira Sultanan dilo haro id 'timpu kinalantayon' (golden era).[28]

Ontok toun 1704, Sultan Brunei nitaahak boogian koibutan om kosilahon Borneo kumaa Sultanan Sulu sabaagi pampasan gama do sokodung diolo montok mongiduan Perang Saudara Brunei.[3] Sultan Brunei potilombus nopo nga momuruan do wilayah disan rahat katan (west coast) Sabah. Kogumuan Melayu Brunei nindahau kumaa wilayah diti solinaid timpu dilo, sundung po tu kinopindahan nopo nga tuminimpuun no mantad abad ko-15 soira Brunei minanama wilayah diti.[29] Soira Sultanan Brunei om Sulu nopo nga momuruan do disan rahat katan om kosilahon Sabah, wilayah id suang tana (interior) nopo nga au noitahan do koduo-duo kerajaan dilo.[30] Mantad kolimpupuson abad ko-18, tinaru Bajau-Suluk i nointutunan sabaagi tulun rahat nopo nga nokorikot mantad Kepulauan Sulu om tuminimpuun do poingion id disan rahat koibutan om kosilahon Borneo. Pituaan do iyolo nopo nga minonolodu mantad kinonit (oppression) koloni Sepanyol id wilayah diolo.[31]

  • Kogoyoon Kasultanan Brunei ontok abad ko-15, siba do pomorintaan Sultan Bolkiah.
    Kogoyoon Kasultanan Brunei ontok abad ko-15, siba do pomorintaan Sultan Bolkiah.
  • Kogoyoon Kasultanan Sulu id toun 1822, mionit do rontob watas Kepulauan Sulu om boogian do kohisaon Borneo Utara.
    Kogoyoon Kasultanan Sulu id toun 1822, mionit do rontob watas Kepulauan Sulu om boogian do kohisaon Borneo Utara.

Borneo Utara British

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Main articles: North Borneo and Madrid Protocol of 1885
Kinansaro'n (ascent) di timpuunon niforekod kumaa timbou di lobi akawas id Nulu Nabalu nindoit ontok 1851 di Hugh Low. Ontok 1964, wilayah diti nifofatayar sabaagi Taman Kinabalu om isio nifapandai sabaagi Tapak Warisan Pomogunan ontok toun 2000.

Ontok toun 1761, Alexander Dalrymple, songulun opisor mantad British East India Company, minomonsoo piamung miampai Sultan Sulu montok mangiduan isio papatatap iso kinoyonon padagangan id wilayah diti. Pilan diti, miampai kousinan suai montok momoburu kinoyonon mion om stesen tentera id Pulou Balambangan, nokoimbulai kinalantayon di au osonong (failure).[32] Iso pamanang (map) Borneo Utara di Dalrymple nifopokito id National Museum of Scotland. Nakatalib dilo, sikit no korongoran mantad labu pogun kumaa wilayah diti om kuasaan id kogumuan boogian koibutan Borneo nopo nga poingion po id siriba Sultanan Brunei. Ontok 1846, pulou Labuan id disan rahat katan Sabah nitaahak kumaa Britain di Sultan Brunei om ontok 1848 isio nokosiliu Koloni Mahkota British. Labuan nokosiliu impohon montok pamanandayan British mangalaban lanun id wilayah diti. Kinansaro'n (ascent) di timpuunon niforekod id Nulu Nabalu, nulu di lobi akawas id Borneo, nindoit ontok 1851 di moforuru (naturalist) British Hugh Low. Timbou di lobi akawas om lurong (gully) di olarom id nulu dilo potilombus nopo nga nifoponit tumanud ngaran dau.

Ontok 1865, Konsul Jeneral Amerika id Brunei, Charles Lee Moses, nakaanu sewa solinaid 10 toun kumaa Borneo Utara mantad Sultan Brunei Abdul Momin. Kuasaan dilo potilombus nitaahak kumaa American Trading Company of Borneo nountun di Joseph William Torrey, Thomas Bradley Harris om piipiro dagang tinaru Cina. Iyolo minomonsoo impohon om kinoyonon mion id Kimanis om Sultan Brunei minononduk di Torrey sabaagi "Rajah Ambong om Marudu". Kotatapan (fortress) dau "Ellena" nopo nga poingion id Kimanis miampai hatus-hatus mofofonduk Iban niauun di Lingkanad. Torrey nokopuli id Amerika ontok 1877 om napatai somok Boston, Massachusetts, ontok Mac 1884. Hak syarikat dagang dilo potilombus nifofoliu kumaa Gustav Baron Von Overbeck, Konsul Austria-Hungary id Hong Kong, om isio potilombus nakaanu pinofolobi sewa solinaid 10 toun kawagu. Sewa dilo potilombus nifofoliu sabaagi kinataahakan poinggonop (cession) maya iso piumangan i nifosain di Sultan Brunei Abdul Momin. Id suang piumangan dilo, Sultan minononduk di Overbeck sabaagi "Maharajah Sabah om Rajah Gaya om Sandakan." Piumangan dilo manahak hak kumaa Overbeck id poinsanan wilayah Sabah, kohompit no boogian i mangatag sabaagi kuasaan Sultanan Sulu, miampai Sandakan om Tawau. Piumangan dilo nifosain ontok 29 Disember 1877 id Istana Brunei.[33] Ontok 1880, Overbeck nifohaba' (offered) wilayah dilo sabaagi koloni dousin (penal colony) kumaa Kerajaan Itali, nga gama do nansit (pressure) mantad British, koporintaan Itali nifasau cadangan dilo om Britain nakaanu wilayah dilo nakatalib dilo.[34] Cadangan di miagal nogi nifohaba' kumaa Austria-Hungary om Empayar Jerman.[35]

Id disan rahat kosilahon Borneo Utara somok Sandakan, William Cowie, mongobi syarikat Dent,[36] minomonsoo rundungan om nakaanu kinataahakan poinggonop (perpetuity) mantad Sultan Sulu kumaa kuasaan dau id wilayah diti ontok 1878. Kinataahakan diti nifosain ontok 22 Januari 1878 id istana Sultan Sulu.[37] Kinataahakan diti potilombus nokoimbulai sabaagi piumangan (dispute) do republik moden Filipina mofofonit miampai kointutunan sajara boogian kosilahon Sabah. Hak dilo potilombus nifofoliu kumaa Alfred Dent, i minonimpuun do British North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd ontok 26 Ogos 1881.[27] Ontok 1 November 1881, koporintaan British minanahak royal charter om British North Borneo Chartered Company potilombus nifobontuk. William Hood Treacher nifononduk sabaagi Gabenor British Borneo Utara di timpuunon, miampai Kudat nokosiliu ibu pogun ko-iso.

Antanum, songulun tikuu Murut
Antanum.
Mat Salleh, songulun tikuu Bajau-Suluk
Mat Salleh.
Koinduo-duo i Antanum om Mat Salleh nifointutunan sabaagi tikuu kosinggawahan (freedom fighters) id Borneo Utara i minangalaban British North Borneo Company.

Gama do mogigiyon nopo nga osisikit kopio montok momoguno asil ekonomi id wilayah diti, syarikat dilo minonuhung tinaru Cina lobi-lobi po tinaru Hakka mantad provinsi Guangdong montok kumaraja sabaagi kuli (labourers) id kabun ladang. Kogumuan migran dilo mion id Kudat om Jesselton (timpu diti Kota Kinabalu). Ibu pogun nifinda kumaa Sandakan ontok 1884 montok momoguno potensi asil kayu balak di agayo. Ontok 1885, United Kingdom, Sepanyol om Jerman minonain do Madrid Protocol of 1885. Tuduan protokol diti nopo nga montok mangaku kosinggawahan Sepanyol id Sulu Archipelago om nogi montok Sepanyol mangiduan koinsanai piumangan (claims) i koumbal haro kumaa Borneo Utara.[38]

Ontok 1888, Borneo Utara nokosiliu pogun niahun (protectorate) do United Kingdom. Pentadbiran om kuasaan Borneo Utara poingion po id suang gakod Syarikat sundung po tu nokosiliu protectorate om iyolo mofotatap momuruan gisom 1942. Panandayan diyolo nopo nga osonong (peaceful) suai ko' piipiro kinolabanan (rebellions), kohompit no i niauun di luguan Bajau-Suluk Mat Salleh mantad 1894 gisom 1900,[39] om iso kawagu i niauun di Antanum mantad tinaru Murut i nointutunan sabaagi kinolabanan Rundum ontok 1915.[40] Kogumuan tulun Suluk mindu (moved) id Borneo Utara solinaid timpu diti gama do kinoporosayan Sepanyol kumaa Sulu Archipelago.[41] Mantad toun 1920, lobi ogumu migran Cina nokorikot mantad provinsi Guangdong, Fujian om hiri Hebei nakatalib British mininsimban polisi imigresen montok popoburu ekonomi di au osonong (stagnant) ontok timpu dilo.[42] Haro nogi minduan tinaru Jawa (Javanese) id Borneo Utara mantad 1891 om potilombus nopo nga kuli niahun do British mantad 1907 potilombus.[31] Migran suai i oponsol mantad wilayah Indonesia timpu diti nopo nga kohompit no tinaru Bugis mantad 1890-an om tulun Florenese miampai tinaru Timor mantad Flores om Timor (Katan om Kosilahon) mantad timpuunon toun 1950-an.[43]

Luguan Momuruan Tinaru Sandad (Native's Paramount Leader) ko-iso nopo nga Pehin Orang Kaya-Kaya Koroh Santulan mantad Ansip & Kadalakan, toi ko' kakadaian Keningau laid. Isio nopo nga tapa di toun laid Montiri Pogun Sabah Tan Sri Stephen (Suffian) Koroh, om Gabenor Pogun Sabah ko-limo Tun Thomas (Ahmad) Koroh. Santulan i sabaagi Pengeran nogi, tapa kumaa Pehin Orang Kaya-Kaya Koroh nopo nga nansaraan mantad tinaru Murut i mofofonit miampai Omar Ali Saifuddin I, Sultan ko-18 Brunei.

  • Bandira Borneo Utara
    Bandira Borneo Utara
  • Civil ensign Borneo Utara
    Civil ensign Borneo Utara
  • Pamanang (map) Borneo Utara British di Edward Stanford ontok 1888, nifogompi do United States Library of Congress.
    Pamanang (map) Borneo Utara British di Edward Stanford ontok 1888, nifogompi do United States Library of Congress.
  • Pamanang (map) Borneo Utara mantad British Library, 1888
    Pamanang (map) Borneo Utara mantad British Library, 1888
  • Joseph William Torrey nitaan kowonuan (permission) di Sultanan Brunei montok pamanandayan mantad poinsanan boogian koibutan pulou Borneo mantad Sulaman id katan gisom sungei Paitan id kosilahon om pogun Paitan, Sugut, Banggayan, Labuk, Sandakan, China Bantangan, Gagayan Mumiang, Benuni om Kimanis, miampai pulou Banggi, Palawan om Balabac ontok 24 November 1865.
    Joseph William Torrey nitaan kowonuan (permission) di Sultanan Brunei montok pamanandayan mantad poinsanan boogian koibutan pulou Borneo mantad Sulaman id katan gisom sungei Paitan id kosilahon om pogun Paitan, Sugut, Banggayan, Labuk, Sandakan, China Bantangan, Gagayan Mumiang, Benuni om Kimanis, miampai pulou Banggi, Palawan om Balabac ontok 24 November 1865.
  • (Kosinggowatan) Piumangan kinataahakan (concession) ko-iso nifosain di Sultan Abdul Momin mantad Brunei, minononduk di Baron de Overbeck sabaagi Maharaja Sabah, Rajah Gaya om Sandakan, nifosain ontok 29 Momuhau 1877.[1] (Wanan) Piumangan kinataahakan ko-duo nifosain di Sultan Jamal ul-Azam mantad Sulu, minononduk nogi di Baron de Overbeck sabaagi Dato Bendahara om Raja Sandakan ontok 22 Milatok 1878, somok tolu minggu nakatalib kinasainan piumangan ko-iso.[4]
    (Kosinggowatan) Piumangan kinataahakan (concession) ko-iso nifosain di Sultan Abdul Momin mantad Brunei, minononduk di Baron de Overbeck sabaagi Maharaja Sabah, Rajah Gaya om Sandakan, nifosain ontok 29 Momuhau 1877.[1]
    (Wanan) Piumangan kinataahakan ko-duo nifosain di Sultan Jamal ul-Azam mantad Sulu, minononduk nogi di Baron de Overbeck sabaagi Dato Bendahara om Raja Sandakan ontok 22 Milatok 1878, somok tolu minggu nakatalib kinasainan piumangan ko-iso.[4]

Paniduan Jepun om kosinggawahan Sekutu

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Intangai nogi: Japanese occupation of British Borneo, Borneo Campaign (1945), and Crown Colony of North Borneo
Iso pamanang (map) kinopaniduan Borneo ontok 1943 i nifomonsoo do Jepun solinaid Perang Sompogunan Koduo, miampai ponit nifosurat id suang boros Jepun.

Sabaagi boogian mantad Perang Sompogunan Koduo, tentera Jepun noko-lombus (landed) id Labuan ontok 3 Milatok 1942, om potilombus minanama poinsanan Borneo Utara. Mantad 1942 gisom 1945, tentera Jepun minanidua Borneo Utara, miampai kogumuan boogian pulou dilo. Pamanandayan bom do tentera Sekutu (Allied forces) nopo nga minonidua kogumuan kakadaian kohompit no Sandakan i narumbak gisom tana. Kinolabanan (resistance) mangalaban paniduan Jepun nopo nga pofokus id disan rahat katan om koibutan Borneo Utara. Kinolabanan id Jesselton niauun di Albert Kwok om Jules Stephens mantad tinimungan Kinabalu Guerrillas. Iso kawagu kinolabanan niauun di Panglima Alli mantad Pulou Sulug, somok disan rahat Jesselton. Id Kudat, haro nogi kinolabanan i niauun di Mustapha Harun. Ontok 10 Oktober 1943, Kinabalu Guerrillas miampai tumanud di Panglima Alli minomonsoo serangan monigowo kumaa Jepun. Nga serangan dilo nopo nga au nakalantoi. Soginumu 324 mogigiyon sandad i poingopi id serangan dilo, kohompit no Albert Kwok om Panglima Alli, niahun id Petagas om potilombus nifapatai ontok 21 Milatok 1944.[44] Kinoyonon kinalantayon dilo nopo nga nointutunan timpu diti sabaagi Tugu Peringatan Perang Petagas.

Id Keningau solinaid Perang Sompogunan Koduo, Korom nopo nga songulun i linaban (rebel) om haro i mangatag do isio nopo nga Sarjan id siriba North Borneo Armed Constabulary. Nifatayar do isio nopo nga nokosiliu sipai (spy) montok tentera Sekutu maya popokito do kumaraja id siriba Jepun. Isio minononduk maklumat (intelligence) poingonit miampai kinoyonon tentera Jepun om piipiro tulun manahak gatang kumaa isio gama do minonokodung 500 tawanan perang (POW) Sekutu montok monolodu. Kumaraja miampai Korom id suang platun dau nopo nga i Garukon, Lumanib, Kingan, Mikat, Pensyl, Gampak, Abdullah Hashim, Ariff Salleh, Langkab, Polos, Nuing, Ambutit, Lakai, Badau om kogumuan po kohompit no tinaru Cina.

Id Sandakan, koumbal haro iso kem tawanan perang (POW) di opu'u kopio i niahun do Jepun montok tawanan British om Australia mantad Borneo Utara. Tawanan dilo nopo nga nansaraan solinaid toun timpuunon id siriba tonomon di au tumanud koinonangan tulun, nga lobi araat kawagu nokoimbulai maya pamanandayan mamanau (forced marches) ontok Januari, Mac om Jun 1945. Pamanandayan bom Sekutu minunsung do Jepun mindu kem tawanan dilo kumaa id suang tana, Ranau, i sodu nopo nga 260 km. Koinsanai tawanan i nopo nga soginumu 2,504 tulun nopo nga nifimindahan, nga au napanahak kakamot pangangkut, iyolo nifomamanau id suang pamanandayan di nointutunan sabaagi Kawanan Mamatai Sandakan. Pongititirahan, toruol, luhu, tu'u, nansaraan, om nifapatail nopo nga minonidua kogumuan tawanan, suai ko' onom tulun Australia i nakalantoi minonolodu, au nianu, om poingion po montok poposunud sajara di kopopoligog dilo. Kinatagakan tian (fallen) id kawanan diti nopo nga nifoingat monikid toun ontok Anzac Day id Australia om id Sandakan, id tapak kem POW di timpuunon hiri.

Perang diti nopupusan miampai kinataahakan rasmi di Letnan-Jeneral Baba Masao mantad Tentera ko-37 Jepun id Labuan ontok 10 September 1945. Nakatalib kinataahakan dilo, Borneo Utara niahun do Pentadbiran Tentera British om ontok 1946 isio nokosiliu Koloni Mahkota British. Gisom kosinggawahan Filipina ontok 1946, tulu (7) pulou id siriba British id disan rahat koibutan Borneo i kigaran Pulou Penyu nitaahak kumaa koporintaan Filipina do koporintaan Crown colony Borneo Utara.[45] Gama do kinarumbakan di agayo id kakadaian Sandakan solinaid perang, Jesselton nifili sabaagi ibu pogun wagu om Mahkota British potilombus momuruan Borneo Utara gisom 1963.

  • Tentera Jepun mamanau mikuo ralan id Labuan ontok 14 Milatok 1942.
    Tentera Jepun mamanau mikuo ralan id Labuan ontok 14 Milatok 1942.
  • Mogigiyon om tentera Jepun mamanau mantad North Borneo nakatalib kinataahakan Jepun kumaa tentera Australia.
    Mogigiyon om tentera Jepun mamanau mantad North Borneo nakatalib kinataahakan Jepun kumaa tentera Australia.

Kosinggawahan om kinobontukan Malaysia

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Main articles: Malaysia Agreement and 20-point agreement
Stem pos Koloni Mahkota Borneo Utara miampai rupa Ratu Elizabeth II ontok 1964. Sundung po tu Borneo Utara (Sabah) nokosiliu boogian mantad Federasi Malaysia ontok 1963, koinsanai stem Koloni Mahkota British nopo nga nifoguno potilombus gisom 30 Jun 1964; stem wagu Sabah nopo nga nokorikot ontok 1 Madas 1964.

Ontok 31 Ogos 1963, Borneo Utara nakaanu kosinggawahan (self-government). Nipiundaliu nipi (idea) montok popobontuk piamung mantad koloni British, i nopo nga Tanah Melayu, Singapura, Sarawak om Borneo Utara nopo nga nifatayar mantad no kolimpupuson abad ko-19, nga Tunku Abdul Rahman no i minonangis (announced) do cadangan federasi di lobi agayo ontok Mikat 1961. Nokointalang nogi do nipi diti nifosokodung do British.[46] Haro no pofonit montok kosinggawahan poinggonop ontok haribulan dilo nga nifasau do Gabenor British i poingion po id kuasaan gisom Malaysia Day.[47] Ontok toun 1962, Suruhanjaya Cobbold nifobontuk montok monantu do miongkos nopo mogigiyon Sabah om Sarawak o piamung dilo. Suruhanjaya dilo nokobas do piamung dilo nopo nga nifosonongon do kogumuan mogigiyon nga mangatag do piipiro terma om syarat nifosuang montok mongiduan gatang mogigiyon hiti. Suruhanjaya dilo nokonit nogi do piipiro kinolabanan (opposition) mantad mogigiyon nga minonantu do kinolabanan dilo nopo nga sikit no (minor). Suruhanjaya dilo minofolobi ripot dau ontok 1 Ogos 1962 om minomonsoo piipiro usul. Suai ko' id Singapura, au koumbal nindoit o referendum id Sabah.[48]

Kogumuan momuruan tinaru id Sabah, i nopo nga, Mustapha mongobi do tulun Islam, Donald Stephens mongobi do tinaru sandad au-Islam, om Khoo Siak Chew mongobi do tinaru Cina, potilombus nopo nga monokodung kinobontukan diti. Iso piamung nifosain di Tunku Abdul Rahman, Harold Macmillan, Luguan Montiri British, om William Goode, Gabenor Borneo Utara di kawagu, i minonain mongobi do wilayah diti ontok 1 Ogos 1962 sabaagi piamung rasmi montok popobontuk piamung dilo. Tuduan nopo di timpuunon nga montok popobontuk Malaysia ontok 31 Ogos 1963, nga gama do kinolabanan mantad Filipina om Indonesia, kinobontukan dilo nifatayu gisom 16 Manom 1963. Ontok timpu dilo, Borneo Utara, sabaagi Sabah, nifosompuru miampai Tanah Melayu, Sarawak om Singapura montok popobontuk Malaysia.[49][50] Montok mongiduan gatang Borneo Utara id suang federasi wagu dilo, iso piamung 20 parak (20-point agreement) nifomonsoo id pialatan koporintaan persekutuan om koporintaan pogun.

Konfrontasi Indonesia om Kinolabanan Brunei

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Main articles: Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation and Brunei Revolt

Solinaid timpu popobontuk Malaysia gisom 1966, Indonesia minomoguno polisi di au osonong (hostile) kumaa Tanah Melayu om potilombus nopo nga Malaysia, i niahun do tentera British. Perang di au nifofatayar diti nokoimbulai gama do i nopo Presiden Indonesia Sukarno nopo nga minitua do iti sabaagi kinogoyoton kuasaan British id wilayah diti om tuduan dau nopo nga montok manama poinsanan Borneo id siriba republik Indonesia.

Ontok timpu di miagal, haro usul mantad piipiro pihak, lobi-lobi po mantad Parti Rakyat Brunei, montok popobontuk Federasi Borneo Utara i kohompit no Sabah, Sarawak om Brunei. Usul diti nokofupus miampai serangan pemberontak id Brunei om piipiro boogian id Sabah om Sarawak. Kinolabanan dilo nifasau do Tentera Brunei miampai sokodung kolonial British ontok Disember 1962.

  • Tulun mantad tinaru sandad Sabah om Sarawak niahun do koporintaan Malaysia sabaagi Border Scouts id siriba kuasaan Richard Noone om opisor suai mantad Senoi Praaq montok mangalaban kinorongoran (infiltrations) Indonesia.
    Tulun mantad tinaru sandad Sabah om Sarawak niahun do koporintaan Malaysia sabaagi Border Scouts id siriba kuasaan Richard Noone om opisor suai mantad Senoi Praaq montok mangalaban kinorongoran (infiltrations) Indonesia.
  • Unit Royal Marines Commando miampai sanjata masin gan om Sten gun mamasai (patrolling) momoguno bot id sungei Serudong, Sabah montok mongiduan pogun solinaid Konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia.
    Unit Royal Marines Commando miampai sanjata masin gan om Sten gun mamasai (patrolling) momoguno bot id sungei Serudong, Sabah montok mongiduan pogun solinaid Konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia.

Piumangan Filipina kumaa kosilahon Sabah

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Main article: North Borneo dispute
Pamanang (map) Borneo Utara British miampai boogian olou (yellow) i kohompit id piumangan Filipina kumaa kosilahon Sabah, nifofokito do Koporintaan Filipina kumaa International Court of Justice ontok 25 Jun 2001.

Filipina potilombus po kiumang (territorial claim) kumaa kosilahon Sabah (pogulu nopo nga nointutunan sabaagi North Borneo) nimpuru id piamung toun 1878 id pialatan Sultan Sulu om North Borneo Chartered Company. Iyolo mangatag do kosinggawahan (sovereignty) Sultanan dilo kumaa wilayah dilo nopo nga au nifapatai om Borneo Utara nopo nga niahun sabaagi sewa no kumaa North Borneo Chartered Company.

Nga, Malaysia minitua do piumangan diti sabaagi "non-issue" (au boogian di oponsol) gama do tafsiran piamung 1878 nopo nga sabaagi kinataahakan poinggonop (cession) om iyolo manantu do mogigiyon Sabah nopo nga minomoguno hak self-determination (monantu sondii) soira iyolo miamung popobontuk federasi Malaysia ontok 1963.[51]

Ontok timpuunon November 2024, Presiden Filipina Bongbong Marcos minonain do Philippine Maritime Zones Act om Philippine Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act.[52] Nokootur kawagu o undang-undang diti do wilayah rahat Filipina om hak kumaa asil toun id poinsanan Rahat Cina Katan, kohompit no Sabah, i minonarik kinolabanan tagayo mantad Malaysia. Ontok 15 November 2024, Kuala Lumpur minanahak bantahan diplomatik kumaa koduo-duo undang-undang rahat dilo, mangatag do iti nopo nga minonidua rontob wilayah Malaysia id Rahat Cina Katan.

Ontok Mac 2025, Filipina minanahak note verbale kumaa Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (UN), popofatayar kawagu do iyolo "au koumbal mangiduan kosinggawahan" kumaa Borneo Utara (Sabah). Iyolo mimpuru id Manila Accord 1963 sabaagi impohon undang-undang montok piumangan dilo. Malaysia nopo nga minanahak nansit (response) ontok Mahas (Jun) miampai bantahan rasmi kumaa Setiausaha Agung UN António Guterres, i mofosiri kopio do piumangan Filipina dilo. Kuala Lumpur mofosonong do piumangan dilo nopo nga mimpuru id rontob wilayah Sabah—i nifointutunan sabaagi boogian mantad Malaysia, om mangatag do iti nopo nga au osonong do terimaon.

Nakatalib kosinggawahan

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
  • Bandira Sabah mantad 1963 gisom 1982.
    Bandira Sabah mantad 1963 gisom 1982.
  • Bandira Sabah mantad 1982 gisom 1988.
    Bandira Sabah mantad 1982 gisom 1988.
  • Bandira rasmi pogun Sabah (1988–timpu diti).
    Bandira rasmi pogun Sabah (1988–timpu diti).

Tun Fuad Stephens nokosiliu sabaagi Luguan Montiri Sabah di timpuunon kopio. Gabenor (Yang di-Pertuan Negeri) di timpuunon nopo nga i Mustapha Harun.[53] Sabah nindoit pilihan raya pogun di timpuunon kopio ontok 1967. Ontok 6 Mahas 1976, nakatalib 44 tadau no nifili sabaagi Luguan Montiri montok koduo nindo, Tun Fuad Stephens miampai piipiro montiri kabinet pogun suai nopo nga napatai id suang kinarumbakan bilun i nointutunan sabaagi Tragedi Double Six. Isio nifowilian di Harris Salleh. Ontok 14 Jun 1976, koporintaan Sabah minonain piamung miampai Petronas, syarikat minyak om gas nountun koporintaan persekutuan, manahak hak montok maganu asil mantad petroleum i nokorubaan id wilayah rahat Sabah sabaagi pampasan montok 5% asil toun sabaagi royalti. Under panandayan di Harris Salleh, koporintaan pogun Sabah minanahak (ceded) pulou Labuan om onom pulou tokoro suai kumaa koporintaan persekutuan Malaysia om isio nifofatayar sabaagi Wilayah Persekutuan ontok 16 April 1984.

Ontok toun 1985, nakatalib pilihan raya pogun, Pairin Kitingan mantad Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS) nokosiliu luguan montiri ko-turuh om iti nopo nga timpu koduo id Malaysia soira iso parti di au miamung miampai koalisi persekutuan Barisan Nasional (BN) toi ko' i pogulu nopo nga Parti Perikatan, minomonsoo koporintaan id nonggo-nonggo pogun (nifogulu do Gerakan id Penang ontok 1969 om tinundan do PAS id Kelantan ontok 1990). Id suang toun di miagal, lanun Moro minongiduan serangan id Lahad Datu, minamatai 21 tulun om minonidua 11 tulun suai id suang koinonangan di nointutunan sabaagi serangan monigowo Lahad Datu 1985. Ontok 1986, tumanud di au monokodung koporintaan PBS wagu dilo nopo nga minonimpuun do kinagoruan (riots) id poinsanan pogun, lobi-lobi po id kakadaian Kota Kinabalu, Tawau om Sandakan, i nokoimbulai kinarumbakan bom om limo kinalantayon. Kosinggawahan nopo nga nokopuli sikit-sikit nakatalib pilihan raya kinalas ontok 1986 i minonondui kinosasao'n PBS sabaagi koporintaan pogun.[54][55]

Kota Kinabalu ontok toun 2008. Isio nokosiliu kakadaian (city) di timpuunon kopio id pogun diti ontok toun 2000 om nokosiliu rontob pusat pentadbiran, ekonomi om nogi pengangkutan id wilayah diti.

Mantad 1990 gisom 1991, piipiro politikus PBS niahun id siriba Akta Keselamatan Dalam Negeri (ISA) gama do nifotuar kohompit id pilan montok mangiduan Sabah mantad Federasi Malaysia om niahun solinaid duo toun. Id pialatan di niahun nopo nga i Jeffrey Kitingan om Maximus Ongkili. Politikus suai, kohompit no i Pairin, nifotuar do kes korupsi. Kiniahunan om tudaan dilo nopo nga nifotuar sabaagi pamanandayan politik.[56] Nakatalib pilihan raya pogun 1994, Barisan Nasional nakaanu kawagu kuasaan pogun maya kinobontukan boogian Sabah montok parti United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) om parti-parti suai. Sistem penggiliran nifointutunan do Luguan Montiri timpu dilo, Mahathir Mohamad, soira pangkat Luguan Montiri nopo nga nifoguli monikid duo toun id pialatan tolu tinaru tagayo id Sabah, i nopo nga Bumiputera Islam, Bumiputera au-Islam om tinaru Cina. Sakaran Dandai nokosiliu Luguan Montiri di timpuunon kopio id siriba sistem diti ontok 1994. Sistem penggiliran diti potilombus nopo nga nifapatai ontok 2005 soira Luguan Montiri Musa Aman momuruan. Ontok 26 Disember 1996, Sabah nindoit kinarumbakan ribut tropika di araat kopio, Ribut Tropika Greg. Ribut dilo minonidua disan rahat katan pogun i nokoimbulai lobi 200 civil napatai om hatus-hatus walai narumbak.

Ontok toun 2000, ibu pogun Kota Kinabalu napanahak status kakadaian (city), poposiliu dilo sabaagi kakadaian ko-6 id Malaysia om kakadaian ko-iso id pogun diti. Id toun di miagal nogi, Taman Kinabalu rasmi nifosunu do UNESCO sabaagi Tapak Warisan Pomogunan, poposiliu dilo sabaagi tapak ko-iso id pogun diti i nakaanu kointutunan dilo. Ontok 3 Mikat, tinimungan militan Abu Sayyaf mantad kofosilahon Filipina nokorikot id pulou resort Sipadan om minanidua 21 tulun, kohompit no tulun mamanau (tourists) om kuli resort, montok maganu dousin (ransom). Kogumuan tawanan nopo nga nifofolibu ontok 16 Manom 2000 nakatalib serangan tentera Filipina. Ontok 2002, International Court of Justice (Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa) minomonui do pulou Ligitan om Sipadan, i nifiumang do Indonesia, nopo nga boogian mantad Sabah om Malaysia.[57]

Ontok timpuunon 2013, iso tinimungan asanjata i mangatag do iyolo sabaagi "Tentera Diraja Sulu" minonoronggo Sabah miampai tuduan montok maganu kawagu wilayah kosilahon sabaagi boogian mantad Sultanan Sulu.[58] Iti nokoimbulai piumangan asanjata id pialatan tinimungan dilo om pasukan keselamatan Malaysia i nopupusan miampai kinalantayon 56 tumanud tinimungan asanjata dilo om 10 anggota keselamatan Malaysia miampai 6 tulun civil.[59] Potilombus nopo nga pogun diti nokosiliu tuduan utama montok jenayah om teroris mantad kofosilahon Filipina miagal do Abu Sayyaf om tumanud Moro National Liberation Front id siriba Nur Misuari.[60][61] Gisom timpu diti, soginumu 12 pilihan raya pogun nindoit o pogun Sabah. Sabah nindoit 14 Luguan Montiri i misuai-suai om 10 Yang di-Pertua Negeri i misuai-suai nogi.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rozan Yunos (21 September 2008). "How Brunei lost its northern province". The Brunei Times. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 31 May 2014.
  2. ↑ James W. Gould (1969). The United States and Malaysia. Harvard University Press. pp. 71–. ISBN 978-0-674-92615-8.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Samad, Paridah Abd.; Bakar, Darusalam Abu (1992). "Malaysia-Philippines Relations: The Issue of Sabah". Asian Survey. 32 (6): 554–567. doi:10.2307/2645160. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2645160.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rozan Yunos (7 March 2013). "Sabah and the Sulu claims". The Brunei Times. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 31 May 2014.
  5. ↑ J. M. Gullick (1967). Malaysia and Its Neighbours. Routledge & K. Paul. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7100-4141-8.
  6. ↑ Steven Dutch (14 October 2003). "Plate Tectonics and Earth History". Natural and Applied Sciences. University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 13 November 2017. The South China Sea opened as Borneo moved away from China.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "About Sabah". Sabah Tourism Promotion Corporation and Sabah State Museum. Sabah Education Department. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 15 May 2016. Linoyog ontok 13 November 2017.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Kathy MacKinnon (1996). The Ecology of Kalimantan. Periplus Editions. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-945971-73-3.
  9. ↑ Durie Rainer Fong (10 April 2012). "Archaeologists hit 'gold' at Mansuli". The Star. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 13 November 2017.
  10. ↑ "Prehistoric site discovered". Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Environment of Sabah. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 13 November 2017. Linoyog ontok 13 November 2017.
  11. ↑ Ruben Sario (24 May 201). "Prehistoric settlement unearthed". The Star. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 13 November 2017.
  12. ↑ The Report: Sabah 2011. Oxford Business Group. 2011. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-907065-36-1.
  13. ↑ Thomas R. Williams (September 1968). "Ethnographic Research in northern Borneo". University of Sydney. 39: 70–80. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1968.tb00985.x.
  14. ↑ W. Warde Fowler (2 December 2008). Roman Ideas of Deity: In the Last Century Before the Christian Era. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-60608-307-9.
  15. ↑ Wendy Hutton (November 2000). Adventure Guides: East Malaysia. Tuttle Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-962-593-180-7.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Barbara Watson Andaya; Leonard Y. Andaya (15 September 1984). A History of Malaysia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-312-38121-9.
  17. ↑ Couling, Samuel (1917). The Encyclopaedia Sinica. Oxford University Press, H. Milford. p. 403. Linoyog ontok 23 February 2026.
  18. ↑ Allaby, Michael; Garratt, Richard (2010). Exploration: New Lands, New Worlds. Infobase Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-4381-3161-0. Linoyog ontok 23 February 2026.
  19. ↑ Chew, Maureen Kooi Cheng (2000). The Journey of the Catholic Church in Malaysia, 1511-1996. Catholic Research Centre. p. 72. ISBN 978-983-808-112-2. Linoyog ontok 23 February 2026.
  20. ↑ Wedewer, Hermann; McSorley, Joseph (1916). A Short History of the Catholic Church. B. Herder Book Company. p. 216. Linoyog ontok 23 February 2026.
  21. ↑ Kelly, Charlotte M. (1946). "The Church in British Borneo". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. Messenger Publications. 35 (139): 364–370. JSTOR 30100098.
  22. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia. Appleton. 1907. p. 687. Linoyog ontok 23 February 2026.
  23. ↑ O'Neil, Robert J. (1997). Cardinal Herbert Vaughan: Archbishop of Westminster, Bishop of Salford, Founder of the Mill Hill. Burns & Oates. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-8245-1717-5. Linoyog ontok 23 February 2026.
  24. ↑ Little, Charles Eugene (1900). Cyclopedia of Classified Dates: With an Exhaustive Index, by Charles E. Little...for the Use of Students of History, and for All Persons who Desire Speedy Access to the Facts and Events, which Relate to the Histories of the Various Countries of the World, from the Earlist Recorded Dates. Funk & Wagnalls Company. pp. 551–552. Linoyog ontok 23 February 2026.
  25. ↑ Haslin Gaffor (10 April 2007). "Coffins dating back 1,000 years are found in the Kinabatangan Valley". The Star. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 13 November 2017.
  26. ↑ "Sultan-Sultan Brunei" (id boros Malayu). Brunei History Centre. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 15 April 2015. Linoyog ontok 6 October 2009.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Graham E. Saunders (2002). A History of Brunei. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7007-1698-2.
  28. ↑ James Alexander (2006). Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore. Cadogan Guides. p. 395. ISBN 978-1-86011-309-3.
  29. ↑ Rozan Yunos (24 October 2011). "In search of Brunei Malays outside Brunei". The Brunei Times. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 14 May 2016.
  30. ↑ Ranjit Singh (2000). The Making of Sabah, 1865-1941: The Dynamics of Indigenous Society. University of Malaya Press. ISBN 978-983-100-095-3.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Mencari Indonesia: demografi-politik pasca-Soeharto (id boros Indonesia). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 2007. p. 123. ISBN 978-979-799-083-1.
  32. ↑ Howard T. Fry (1970). Alexander Dalrymple (1737-1808) and the Expansion of British Trade. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7146-2594-2.
  33. ↑ British Government (1877). "British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1877)" (PDF). Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers). Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 21 August 2018. Linoyog ontok 30 October 2015.
  34. ↑ Francesco Lamendola (30 September 2010). "Quando la vecchia Austria voleva stabilirsi nelle isole dell'Oceano Indiano [Riferimento al tentativo di creare colonie penali italiane nel Borneo]" (id boros Itali). Arianna Editrice. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 12 September 2017.
  35. ↑ Robert Fitzgerald (7 January 2016). The Rise of the Global Company: Multinationals and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-521-84974-6.
  36. ↑ Charles A. Fisher (1971). South-East Asia: A Social, Economic and Political Geography. Methuen. p. 669.
  37. ↑ British Government (1878). "British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1878)" (PDF). Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers). Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 13 September 2015. Linoyog ontok 6 April 2014.
  38. ↑ British Government (1885). "British North Borneo Treaties. (British North Borneo, 1885)" (PDF). Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers). Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 29 October 2013.
  39. ↑ C.Buckley: A School History of Sabah, London, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968
  40. ↑ Regina Lim (2008). Federal-state Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The Berjaya Administration, 1976-85. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 29. ISBN 978-981-230-812-2.
  41. ↑ Andson Cowie; William Clark Cowie (1893). English-Sulu-Malay Vocabulary: With Useful Sentences, Tables, and C. editor. p. 10.
  42. ↑ Wong Tze-Ken, Danny (1999), "Chinese Migration to Sabah before the Second World War", Archipel, Paris: Association Archipel, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 131–158, doi:10.3406/arch.1999.3538
  43. ↑ Riwanto Tirtosudarmo (2003). "Between Larantuka and Tawau: Exploring Florenese Migration Space" (PDF). The Research Centre for Society and Culture, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia.
  44. ↑ Mohd Azrone Sarabatin. "Panglima Alli tak takut dibunuh tentera Jepun". Berita Harian (id boros Malayu). Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 17 April 2008. Linoyog ontok 26 January 2008.
  45. ↑ Peter C. Richards (6 December 1947). "New Flag Over Pacific Paradise". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  46. ↑ Takashi Shiraishi (2009). Across the Causeway: A Multi-dimensional Study of Malaysia-Singapore Relations. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 41. ISBN 978-981-230-783-5.
  47. ↑ Johan M. Padasian: Sabah History in pictures (1881-1981), Sabah State Government, 1981
  48. ↑ Luke Rintod (8 March 2013). "There was no Sabah referendum". Free Malaysia Today. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 10 March 2013.
  49. ↑ "Sabah's Heritage: A Brief Introduction to Sabah's History" Archived 12 Milatok 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Muzium Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. 1992
  50. ↑ Ramlah binti Adam, Abdul Hakim bin Samuri, Muslimin bin Fadzil: "Sejarah Tingkatan 3, Buku teks", published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2005)
  51. ↑ Ruben Sario; Julie S. Alipala; Ed General (17 September 2008). "Sulu sultan's 'heirs' drop Sabah claim". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 3 July 2013.
  52. ↑ "Malaysia protests new Philippine maritime laws that it says infringe on its territory". Yahoo! News. 15 November 2024. Linoyog ontok 31 December 2024.
  53. ↑ Shanti Nair (11 January 2013). Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy. Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-134-96099-6.
  54. ↑ Chronicle of Malaysia, Editions Didier Millet (2007). "1986".
  55. ↑ Crossette, Barbara (1 October 1987). "Kota Kinabalu Journal; With Houses on Stilts and Hopes in Another Land". The New York Times.
  56. ↑ "Abdication of Responsibility: The Commonwealth and Human Rights" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. October 1991.
  57. ↑ "The Court finds that sovereignty over the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan belongs to Malaysia". International Court of Justice. 17 December 2002. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 9 April 2014.
  58. ↑ "Why 'Sultan' is dreaming". Daily Express. 27 March 2013. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 10 June 2015.
  59. ↑ Najiah Najib (30 December 2013). "Lahad Datu invasion: A painful memory of 2013". Astro Awani. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 6 January 2014. Linoyog ontok 26 November 2015.
  60. ↑ "Semporna villagers beat to death ex-Moro commander". The Star. 3 March 2013.
  61. ↑ "Nur Misuari involved, says Zahid". Bernama. MySinChew English. 16 July 2014. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 16 July 2014.


Koudanan:Sajara Sabah Koudanan:Sabah Koudanan:Sajara Brunei Koudanan:Sajara North Borneo Koudanan:Borneo Koudanan:North Borneo

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