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Tadau Pomogunan

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Tadau Pomogunan
Bondira amu rasmi Earth Flag nowonsoi di John McConnell includes The Blue Marble gambar di naanu krew do Apollo 17.
KapansalanMonokodung kapanamangan sandad posorili
Tumimpuun1970
TadauwulanApril 22
Next timeTemplat:Start-date
KosoruanAnnual

Tadau Pomogunan taandakon ontok 22 Ngiop montok popokito sokodung montok kopomogompian sandad posorili. Kopoindalanan kumoiso nopo nga ontok 22 Ngiop 1970, om baino diti popohompit mogisusuai abaabayan maya sompomogunan momoguno earthday.org (pogulu nointutunan sabaagi Tadau Pomogunan Network)[1] di popohompit 1 bilion tulun id lobi mantad 193 pogun.[1][2][3]

Ontok toun 1969 namot pogibabarasanUNESCO id San Francisco, aktivis kotoronongon John McConnell poposogu do iso tadu montok mamantang Pomogunan om poimpohon kotoronongon, di kumoinsan pinosogu taandakon ontok 21 Gomot 1970, iri no tu tadau kumoiso timpu mongusak id hemisfera koibutan. Tadau di popointalang kaadangan sandad posorili popotilombus pinoimagon mantad iso proklamasi di nosuat di McConnell om nasain do Monunuat Agung PBB, U Thant

Iso wulan nakatalib, songulun senator Amerika Syarikat, Gaylord Nelson poposogu tua pomusarahan dau montok popoindalan abaabayan pondidikan sandad posorili id taang sompomogunan ontok Ngiop 22, 1970, om poposiliu songulun aktivis omulok, i Denis Hayes, montok mongulud sompomogunan. Ngaran 'Tadau Pomogunan" nowonsoi do monunuat iklan, i Julian Koenig.[4] Denis miampai tinimungan dau popoinlaab abaabayan diti poinlobi mantad impohon mantad "teach-in" montok popohompit toinsanan Amerika Syarikat. Oponsol nogi tonggungan tambalut pitabangan diti okon nopo pointarad kumaa sandad posorili. Sabaagi poomitanan, id siriba pomorintaan boyoon koisaan karaja Walter Reuther, United Auto Workers (UAW) kosiliu mononokodung kousinan om operasi soliwan di kumoiso montok Tadau Pomogunan koiso.[5][6][7] Tumanud Denis Hayes : "Nung aiso UAW, au kalantoi diti Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso nogi" [5]. Montok ponguhupan diti, Gaylord Nelson pinatahak dau do gaa Pingat Kabagasan Presiden.[8][9] Tadau Pomogunan di kumoinsan diti pointarad id Amerika Syarikat.

Ontok toun 1990, Denis Hayes - di koumbal kosiliu sabaagi mongulud kabansaan ontok toun 1970, mogowit Tadau Pomogunan id taang sompomogunan om popoindalan abaabayan id 141 pogun.[10][11][12] Ontok Tadau Pomogunan 2016, Pimbatoson Paris di kisajara, nasain do Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom, China om 120 pogun suai. Koposainan diti momogonop kooturan oponsol montok popoindalan pimbatosan pomogompian iklim pomogunan di nowonsoi suang Kosimbanan Iklim PBB 2015 id Paris, di popohompit 195 pogun maya konsensus. Ogumu komuniti manganu boogian suang "Minggu Tadau Pomogunan", iri no tu momonsoi abaabayan di pointarad kumaa kobolingkahangan sandad posorili global solinaid sominggu.[13] Ontok Tadau Pomogunan 2020, lobi 100 riong tulun posorili pomogunan momuhondom kinoulitan toun ko-50 Tadau Pomogunan suang iso mobilisasi maya suang talian di bobos tagayo suang sajara.[14]

Kinsougan tumau id Santa Barbara 1969

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Ontok 28 Milatok 1969, iso kinoyonon pongonuan tumau di nointutunan sabaagi Platform A, di nogorudi do syarikat Union Oilkisinodu 6 miles (10 km) mantad disan rahat Santa Barbara, California, notimbabaan kobolingkahangan iri no tu, noloput. Lobi mantad 3 million U.S. gallons (2.5 million imperial gallons; 11 million liters) do tumau di nasaug hilo id rahat, mamatai lobi mantad 10,000 tombolog rahat, sada lumba - lumba, bongol, om mondou rahat. Sabaagi tisuli montok kobolingkahangan diti, puru aktivis popotimpuun iso abaabayan montok popoingkawas kooturan sandad posorili, pondidikan sandad posorili om nogi Tadau Pomogunan. Piipiro tulun di monokodung Tadau Pomogunan nopo nga tulun id barisan dumbangan montok monoguang kobolingkahangan diti, kohompit no Selma Rubin, Marc McGinnes, om Bud Bottoms, poimpohon organisasi Get Oil Out.[15] Denis Hayes, di momonsoi Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso, popolombus do Senator Gaylord Nelson mantad Wisconsin kipomusarahan montok momonsoi Tadau Pomogunan kalapas mogintong kosougan tumau sinodu 800-square-mile (2,100 km2) mantad kapal tulud mantad Channel Santa Barbara.[15][16]

Tadau Hak Sandad Posorili Santa Barbara 1970

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Ontok konoulitan kumoiso kosougan tumau dii, iri no tu ontok 28 Milatok 1970, pinoharo do Tadau Hak Sandad Posorili om pinolombus nogi Deklarasi Hak-Hak Sandad Posorili. Nosuat deklarasi diti di Rod Nash namot pamanahan sumakai bot sumoborong do Channel Santa Barbara miampai mogowit kodolinan Poristiharan Kabagasan di Thomas Jefferson.[17] Boyoon kopoindalanan Tadau Hak Sandad Posorili nopo nga i Marc McGinnes, om mogiuhup-uhup solinaid piipiro wulan miampai puru Kongres i Pete McCloskey (R-CA) montok mamalan Akta Impohon Sandad Posorili Kabansaan (National Environmental Policy Act)), iri no tu, kooturan pomogompian sandad posorili di kumoiso nowonsoi sabaagi tisuli mantad kowowowoyoon tulun ginumuan kumaa kobolingkahangan kosougan tumau dii. Momonsoi nogi yolo mogiuhup-uhup montok mamalan Deklarasi Hak-Hak Sandad Posorili.

McCloskey (Ponorikohon Tadau Pomogunan miampai senator Gaylord Nelson) om Denis Hayes popoindalan Tadau Pomogunan miampai, Senator Alan Cranston, Paul Ehrlich, David Brower om piipiro boyoon nointutunan suai, di monokodung Deklarasi dii om manahak boborosn kokomoi Porsidangan Tadau Hak Sandad Posorili. Tumanud Francis Sarguis, "pitimungan diti kosiliu sabaagi pembaptisan montok koguraan diti." Tumanud Hayes, diti nopo nga kumoinsan nogi id dumbangan tulun ginumuan di "miampai sunduan di akawas, komoyon ku agayo kopio sunduan ku, kokomoi kobolingkahangan sandad posorili." Otumbayaan nogi Hayes do pitimungan diti nopo nga iso impohon montok popotimpuun do iso koguraan di kopipio.[17] Nash,Garrett Hardin, McGinnes om susuai po popotilombus do popoburu program Pondidikan Sandad Posorili taang ijazah sarjana muda di kumoiso id Universiti California id Santa Barbara.[18]

Tadau Pomogunan 1970

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Presiden Richard Nixon om First Lady Pat Nixon mananom puun id kabun ponong kaabatan White House montok monokodung Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso.

Linsou di nosuni kosiliu Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso natanom di Senator Wisconsin, Gaylord Nelson. Songulun di oupus sandad posorili di pointatap om bagas Gabenor Wisconsin solinaid duo penggal, alaid no mogihum laang montok popoingkawas kapansalan kobolingkahangan sandad posorili suang politik. Pogintangan di akawas di pinatahak montok buuk di Rachel Carson ontok toun 1962 kiuhu Silent Spring, miampai gambar ontok 1968 di naanu NASA di nointutunan Earthrise iri no tu gambar Pomogunan di naanu mantad Wulan, liputan pointongkop id media kokomoi kosougan tumau id Santa Barbara[19] om Bawang Cuyahoga di nosorob ontok pogulu toun 1969[20] mongunsub Nelson montok kotumbayaan do norikot nodi timpu montok momonsoi iso laang momogompi sandad posorili. Aasil ini mantad pogibabarasan miampai tinimungan dau om miampai di Fred Dutton,[21] songulun lundu politik Demokratik di koumbal kosiliu ponorikohon kempen presiden Robert Kennedy, kaanu popoingkawas kotumbayaan tinan Nelson montok popoindalan teach-ins sandad posorili id kampus-kampus universiti kaanu kosiliu impohon di kosudong montok popolombus mesej diti.[22]

Pinoindalan do abaabayan "teach-in" diti id hatus kampus kolej om universiti montok mogiboboros kokomoi sangod id Vietnam. Maya koizaai, ahal diti popokito do pogisuaian tua pomusarahan mantad diolo di momusorou Vietnam sabaagi benteng montok monolibamban lobi ogumu pogun di aratu id komunisme miagal do,dominos, miampai diolo di otumbayaan do sangod diti nopo nga fasa babaino suang pinggisaman nasionalis om anti-pomorintaan [23] mantad mogiigion Vietnam di minggisom minsangod China, sumusuhut Perancis, Jipun om Perancis insan po kawagu, om baino diti Amerika Syarikat. Pioduhan diti popoingkawas pomusarahan tongutulun kokomoi kobolingkahangan sangod om popotimpuun iso tinimungan aktivis id tatanga tangaanak.

Mokianu i Nelson do peguam kapansalan tulun ginumuan, Anthony Roisman[24] montok popoturidong iso organisasi okon poimpohon do kousinan, Environmental Teach-In, Inc., montok mongulud kempen dii, om manganu iso lembaga pengarah di okodo. Mokianu nogi isio do Puru Kongres Republikan, Pete McCloskey, montok sumiliu ponorikohon miampai kotinanan di kiwoyo dwipartisan om dwikamar.[25]

Ontok 20 Manom 1969, Senator Nelson popolombus do palan dau montok popoindalan "pongiaan sandad posorili" (environmental teach-In) ontok boborosan dau di okuri liputan id Universiti Washington. Nokoboros isio do, "otumbayaan oku do goos di miagal di pokitonon do sukod wagu pogun diti montok monimban kapansalan pogun kokomoi sangod id Vietnam om hak sivil di milo popokito pomusarahan kokomoi kobolingkahangan sandad posorili. Iri no tu nokuro, mamalan oku mamalan montok popoindalan iso pongiaan nasional.[26]

Kotilombus i Senator Nelson montok mongunsub pongiaan sandad posorili (teach-in) id suang kogumuan boboroson dau. Id suang iso boboroson montok wulan Milau id Airlie House, haro songulun wartawan New York Times id tatanga do mogigintong ontok abaabayan tadau dii. Bolikan pogulu di pinaasil mantad abaabayan dii kosiliu sabaagi titik kosimbanan di oponsol.[27] Mantad dii, ogumu surat - surat ponguhatan mantad posorili pogun pinaatod id pejabat Senator Nelson id Senat. Artikel dii mamagayat rahi songulun mokiikinobos id Harvard iri no tu, i Denis Hayes. Minongoi i Hayes id Washington, D.C om mongulud pitimbungakan solinaid 10 minit miampai Senator Nelson (di kotilombus gisom 2 jaam) [28] Gumuli kawagu i Hayes id Harvard miampai iso timbabaon montok popoindalan kempen id Boston. Kalapas piipiro tadau pogintangan sukuon [29] sinuhu yau tumingkod sumikul mantad Harvard om nokosiliu boyoon eksekutif montok kempen id taang kabansaan.[30]

Woyo nopo tadau dii nga amu momonsol do hierarki, mantad di poposogu di Hayes montok poposiliu sosongulun sabaagi mongugulud om okon do pengarah. Kosiliu nogi yau sondii mongugulud id taang kabaangsaan[31] om maya timpu di oniba kosiliu nogi yau mongugulud serantau, mongugulud media, mongugulud montok tangaanak K-12, mongugulud sukarelawan om susuai po. Id tohuri, pejabat kabansaan haro piipiro dozen pakaraja di kigaji, miampai nakaanu gaji di pointatap soginumu $375 monikid wulan (miagal do $3,215 ontok toun 2024), suai ko iri, lobi mantad 100 sukarelawan pointatap.

Soira notongkop do toinsanan mongugulud watas di abaal id porosili pogun, misomoko toun 1970, konsep "teach-in" amu nodi nointutunan. Suai ko iri, koubasanan nopo nga teach-in diti popohompit pioduhan, mulong po aiso tulun di monokodung koyomutan . Koduo, lobi ogumu kobolingkahangan soira puru aktivis id kampus universiti lobi agaras montok monokodung koguraan anti-sangod om hak sivil. Kogumuan aktivis momusorou kobolingkahangan sandad posorili sabaagi ahal monimban pomusarahan. As the talented regional coordinators fanned out across the country, however, they immediately encountered two problems.[32]

Ngaran "Tadau Pomogunan"

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Panalasaian montok kobolingkahangan di kumoiso mantad ahal di amu noilaan. Amu alaiad mantad toun koiso tumpimpuun, tumumbului i Julien Koenig id pejabat kabansaan om poposogu tinan sondii montok monguhup. Koenig nopo nga lundu agayo id suang pomogunan pongiklanan Madison Avenue. Kempen dau nopo nga montok Volkswagen, "Think Small," sumusuhut noonuan gaa mantad Advertising Age sabaagi "kempen pongiklanan bobos tosonong abad ko-20."[33]

Namot monginum kupi, popolombus i Hayes tua pomusarahan dau do label "teach-in" amu kibagas om monguhot i koenig nung haro tua pomusarahan dau. Kalapas sominggu, gumuli yau kawagu miampai piipiro draf iklan, di popointalang kokomoi kopoilaan "Tadau Ekologi"; "Tadau Sandad Posorili"; "Tadau Pomogunan" om "Tadau E". Popointalang di Koenig kokomoi ngaran pilion dau iri no tu "Tadau Pomogunan". Sabab pomilian diti nopo nga 22 Ngiop nopo nga tadau kinosusuan dau, om "birthday" kiloyuk di kopiagal miampai "Earth Day" (Tadau Pomogunan.[34] Osokodung i Hayes. Koenig poposogu montok popotounda iklan di lobi ogonop. Popointalang di Hayes do iklan di nowonsoi mositi no haro kupon okoro montok mokianu ponguhupan montok operasi diolo di aiso kousinan. Iklan di nowonsoi di Koenig kagayat ginawo miampai visual om kalantoi popoinghakum kobolingkahangan miampai woyo di toluod, miampai loyuk kempen di agaras. Orohian tomod i Hayes om momonsoi pitupaan agayo. Poposoliwan yau tusin kiikiro toinsanan dana suang akaun kempen montok momoli iso bolikan poimponu suang boogian surat abal do Sunday New York Times.[35]

Kalantoi tomod do iklan dii. Id timpu di oniba, "Tadau Pomogunan" kosiliu ngaran di asaru gunoon maya universal montok abaabayan di poindalanon. Mantad iklan dii, kaanu yolo monimung kousinan di ogonop montok popoindalan abaabyan di, om ogumu tulun di arahi montok sumiliu mongugulud mangatod ngaran om kinoyonon diolo miampai cek tusin ponguhupan. Id timpu piipiro wulan, majalah om suat kabar alternatif montok popointalang iklan maya amu minog bayaron, miampai kaanu monimung lobi ogumu ngaran om sokodung kousinan. Pejabat kabansaan tumimpuun momoguno ngaran Environmental Action, om okon nodi Environmental Teach-in, id sawat surat om ponoribatan diolo montok popointutun Tadau Pomogunanon.[36]

Ontok timpu diti, momonsoi i Hayes iso koutusan di mangarahung woyo. Ontok timpu dii, osonong tomod manganu pongoligan cap dagangan montok ngaran Tadau Pomogunan om papatantu kopomorotian kumaa iso set piawaian montok isai-isai nopo di momoguno. Suai ko iri, Hayes manganu koutuson do manu yau ngaran di milo gunoon maya pointongkop montok isai-isai nopo di mamalan montok manganu pogintangan kumaa kobolingkahangan sandad posorili ontok timpu mongusak.[37]

Sundu po, ngaran Tadau Pomogunan osiau mamadalin pomogunoon ngaran Environmental Teach-in, koimbulai kobolingkahangan koduo di lobi apagon. Iri no tu, kogumuan aktivis kolej popokito do nunu nopo ahal suai mantad popotingkod sangod sabaagi iso kobolingkahangan. Kogumuan pakaraja Tadau Pomogunan haro koinganan montok popoindalan koguraan anti-sangod om amu mogintong pioduhan. Montok diolo, sangod oruhai no kolimpupus om kosudong no timpu montok kosimbanan di lobi aralom montok papaasil Amerika di lobi olidas om lestari. Nga, timpu di lobi oniba om puru aktivis kolej amu po nakaanu rahi kagayat ginawo puru aktivis.

Manganu i Hayes timpu do sangadau montok monorisid surat-surat di naramit mantad Senator Nelson om nokoilo do haro soboogian okoro mantad aktivis di nokorikot nopo nga mantad do mokiikinobos kolej. Soboogian agayo surat di nosuat di tongondu di intangan miagal tongondu di haro pondidikan kolej di manu timpu abantalan di osonong kumaa tangaanak diolo. Suai ko iri, sobogiaan agayo nopo nga mantad mongingia tangaanal sikul om takawas (K-12).

Mantad dii, Hayes manganu koutuson montok popodalin fokus kempen mantad kolej om universiti kumaa ponguludan komuniti. Poimpohon strategi-strategi di kalanto mantad koguraan anti-sangod om koguraan hak sivil, popoutus diolo montok popointutun pitimungan agayo id kinoyonon kakadayan di pointarad montok kobolingkahangan sandad posorili, miampai mongunsub pondidikan sandad posorili id taang osiriba om takawas (K-12).

Bryce Hamilton, di koumbal kosiliu sabaagi mongugulud watas, nokosiliu sabaagi mongugulud kawawagu do K-12, om ahal diti kosiliu hinta montok pomilian di osonong.[38] Monorubung i Hamilton do National Education Association, American Federation of Teachers, om National Science Teachers Association montok mongimbayat puru diolo montok tumanud koguraan diti, popotounda nogi diolo kakamot montok ribu mongingia di monuat maya kotilombus kumaa tinimungan diti; om popoilang nogi yau tua pomusarahan di kreatif di milo torimoon mantad mogisusuai kumaa tulun suai. Ontok wulan Ngiop, lobi mantad 10,000 sikul tosiriba om takawas kohompit suang abaabayan Tadau Pomogunan, kogumuan pondidikan om ponguhupan tulun ginumuan miagal pomolidangan disan rahat, pananaman puun om momoguno kawagu kakamot di milo gunoon.

Walt Kelly papaasil poster anti-piromutan di popokito kono kartun di nowonsoi dau, Pogo miampai boboroson "Nokoruba tokou miampai sasaapon om sasaapon dii nopo nga tinan tokou sondii" montok popointutun Tadau Pomogunan 1970. Tinimungan-tinimungan sandad posrili mingoos montok poposiliu Tadau Pomogunan sabaagi tadau mingoos montok monimban kowowoyoon tulun om mongunsub monimban kooturan poinsandad.[39]

Ontok Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso, kiikiro 20 riong mogigion id Amerika mimpayat do pitimungan, pamanauan om sesi pongiaan koizaai (teach-in) montok papaasil kosimbanan sandad posorili.[40][41] Baino diti, Tadau Pomogunan taandakon do 192 pogun om noulud do organisasi swasta iri no tu, Earthday.org (pogulu nointutunan sabaagi Earth Day Network). Tumanud Denis Hayes, kopoindalanan Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso ontok tadau 1970 om baino diti Ponorikohon Lembaga do Emeritus Earthday.org, Tadau Pomogunan baino diti kosiliu nogi sabaagi "tadau protes sekular agayo id pomogunan, miampai lobi iso bilion tulun di mampayat monikid toun."[42]

Tadon kousinan di agayo montok Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso nopo nga mantad koisaan pakaraja. Walter Reuther di kosiliu boyoon montok United Auto Workers (UAW) mantad toun 1946, nopo nga ponokodung progresif do hak sivil, amu monokodung sangod miampai popoingkawas korotian kokomoi kobolingkahangan sandad posorili. Yau nogi nga songulun mantad puru di popotimpuun Coalition for Clean Air, hinonggo kalantoi id kapamansayan kooturan Akta Kolidangan Tayub 1970 (Clean Air Act). Walter Reuther, presiden do United Auto Workers, manahak ponguhupan kumoiso montok monokodung Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso soginumu $2,000 (miagal do $16,194 id toun 2024).[43] Id siriba pomorintaan dau, minonguhup nogi do UAW montok kosonongon tolipaun mooi do mongugulud abaabayan milo miromut om monguhup karalano ponguludan id pointongkop Amerika Syarikat.[44] UAW monguhup nogi kousinan montok momotostat om popotongkop risalah miagal do kakamot kokomoi Tadau Pomogunan kumoiso, suai ko iri popogura puru dau montok mampayat demonstrasi koizaai id pointongkop pogun. Tumanud Denis Hayes, "UAW nopo nga monguhup kousinan di agayo montok Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso" om "Nung aiso UAW, amu kanto kalantoi do kopoindalanan Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso!" Pinolombus nogi i Hayes do "Koomungan Walter ontok pitimungan media kumoiso kaanu monimban maya poinggonop dinamika liputan media om kotilombus manahak lobi agayo kredibiliti."[45]

Id iso pitimungan lembaga pengarah Environmental Teach-In kaamung ponorikohon komiti miampai iso cek soginumu $20,000 (miagal do $161,937 ontok toun 2024) mantad Standard Oil of New Jersey (baino nointutunan sabaagi ExxonMobil). Ginumu diti kaanu manahak kogonopon kousinan di agato montok tinimungan diti ontok timpu dii tu notimbaba kobolingkahangan kousinan. Sundung po ingkaa, Hayes amu monorima cek kousinan diri om popogirot kotumbayaan do lembaga do pomoramitan kousinan miagal dii kaanu momiraag kredibiliti kotinanan di wagu po. Popoilo yau do, agayo ginawo dau montok monorimo ponguhupan mantad toud di olidang, om aiso po iso po mantad dana korporat di notorimo mantad kotinanan kabansaan kapalas dii.

Ponguhupan mantad osongulunan nopo nga iso mantad toud dana di oponsol, om koubasanan nopo pinoruhang miampai slip ponguhupan mantad Iklan Tadau Pomogunan di haro ngaran om alamat kinoyonon mananahak kousinan. Mokiuhup i Larry Rockefeller i Robert montok momonsoi om manahak iso tinimungan litograf Tadau Pomogunan, nga puru komiti Tadau Pomogunan ontok dii aiso piromutan suang pomogunan inus montok papadangan karya dii ontok taang pamadangan soginumu $2,000. Mantad dii, litograf dii pinatahak kumaa monguguhup miampai gatang di amu apagon.

Pamadagangan poster toomod om lolobi po pin kaanu papaasil ponguhupan pongonuan. Nga, puru pakaraja mada papadagang poposokot bampar tu pinosokot id giip.

Dirty Dozen

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Kogumuan pakaraja Environmental Teach-In tumingkod karaja kalapas nopongo Tadau Pomogunan, om kogumuan kotilombus mampayata do iso kotinanan kawawagu, Environmental Action, di haro status cukai di papasafa abaabayan melobi miampai ponginsamakan di lobi kiwoyo aktivis.[46] Notimbabab do EA miampai iso kobolingkahangan di alaid no amu nopongo solinaid kempen diolo. Soboogian mantad pakaraja di kagayat ginawo miampai koguraan diti nopo nga maya sains om koubasanan, om kopuriman do politik iri sondii nopo iso di momiraag, om kopomorintaan nopo nga kotinanan di naraag no amu milo insanagan. Otumbayaan do tinimungan diti montok popoindalan koposion miampai miaadang om sukarela, miampai momoguno kakamor di pinotayad id suang Whole Earth Catalog, miampai agaras om amu poposuang roromu politik, milo yolo mononsog pomogunan montok poposudong miampai laang koposion diolo. Naanu do teori kosimbanan diolo diti mantad koguraan tulun kulit oitom id kaabatan Amerika di mirikau id kaunter makan om pinosuai, monginum mantad pancuran waig di pinosuai, om mirikau id boogian dumbangan bas;nga ahal diti amu momonsol tonggungan litigasi strategik[47] kooturan koisaan, om politik pomilian raya[48] suang mogowit kosimbanan di lobi poinkakal.

Soboogian mantad puru pakaraja koumbal kohompit suang kempen di Robert Kennedy, Gene McCarthy, om mogisusuai kempen kongres pogulu popoindalan Tadau Pomogunan. Otumbayaan diolo do koburuon di pointimporon milo gompoton maya kosimbanan institusi. Toun 1970 nopo toun pomilian raya Kongres. Wagu nogi yolo popoindalan demonstrasi agayo suang sajara pogun montok monokodung woyo-woyo sandad posorili. Mongugulud Lindsay di pogulu, Steve Haft, popolingkum pomusarahan tinimungan diti id suang iso pitimungan puru komiti Environmental Action miampau popolombus do "Haro 20 riong tulun di mitimung di ralan suang toun pomilian raya, om aiso di mamalan montok manganu boogian suang pomilian raya? amu kou momusorou?"

Montok mogihum ralan tanga, poposogu i Hayes montok amu monokodung lundu di miala, nga mumbal do momialaa duo nohopod (12) kongres di bobos araat id suang rikud sandad posorili. Nung haro rikud di araat suang sabdad posrili kosiliu iso liabiliti politik, ahal diti maya amu kotilombus mongunsub kumaa kapamansayan kooturan sandad posorili di lobi osonong. Momili Haft montok mongulud kempen Dirty Dozen. Okuri tomod kosiwatan diolo tu kousinan di okudi iri no tu $50,000 montok popiala 12 mobi di miala id Dewan Pongobian. [49]

Montok popoingkawas kosiwatan kalantoi id pomilian diti, tinimungan diti momili mobi okon nopo mantad rikud sandad posorili di araat - di lobi ogumu - nga mogintong nogi mobi di koumbal kalantoi do pomilian raya pogulu diti, di monokodung kobolingkahangan sandad posorili sabaagi amu kosudong id kinoyonon diolo; om di mion id kinoyonon di haro mongugulud Tadau Pomogunan di abaal. Tohuri nopo nga, naala do turu mantad duo nohopod mobi mantad Dirty Dozen, limo mantad Parti Repbulikan om duo mantad Parti Demokrat. Di kumoiso naalan nopo nga George Fallon, ponorikohon Komiti Karaja Raya Dewan di agayo do rahung.[50]

Mobi tulun ginumuan Pete McCloskey, di kosiliu nogi ponorikohon id Tadau Pomogunan, popionit kaala do lundu - lundu oponsol Kongres do Dirty Doezen sabaagi potimpuun montok kosimbanan di agayo kokomoi kooturan sandad posorili di amu kaanu pinotingkod kalapas dii : Akta Tayub Olidang (Clean Air Act), Akta Waig Olidang (Clean Water Act), Akta Spesies koligagan (Endangered Species Act), om susuai po.[51]

Mimboros i Edmund Muskie, Senator do U.S id Fairmount Park, Philadelphia ontok Tadau Pomogunan, 1970

Philadelphia

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Senator do Amerika Syarikat, Edmund Muskie nopo nga popoboros ontok Tadau Pomogunan di pinoindalan id Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Lundu suai di nointutun di kaamung, haro nogi piipiro aktivis pongoligan momoguno om calon pomilian presiden Ralph Nader, arkitek landskap Ian McHarg, puru abaalan biokimia di nakaanu Gaa Nobel George Wald, Boyoon Minoriti Senat Amerika Syarikat Hugh Scott, momohiis Allen Ginsberg.[52] om Ira Einhorn di kosiliu sabaagi ponorikohon abaabayan.[53][54]

Tadau Pomogunan 1980

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Toun 1970-an nopo nga timpu di popokito mogisusuai kooturan sandad posorili di nowonsoi, kohompit no Akta Tayub Olidang (Clean Air Act), Akta Waig Olidang (Clean Water Act), Akta Spesies koligagan (Endangered Species Act), Akta Pongolingan Mamalia Rahat (Marine Mammal Protection Act), Superfund, Akta Pomogompian Roromu Toksik, om Akta Pomogompian om Ponondulian toud. Ontok dekad diti, pinoturidong do kotinanan Pongoligan Sandad Posorili, miampai amu manahak kasagaan kumaa DDT om plumbum suang petrol. Jimmy Carter nopo nga Presiden Amerika Syarikat ontok dii.

Goos Tadau Pomogunan 1980 diti pinoindalan di boyoon abaabayan iri no tu iMike McCabe om Byron Kennard,[55] om kowowoyoon di lobi kagayat ginawo om karamayan. Abaabayan kumoiso id Washington, D.C., nopo nga iso festival[56] di pinoindalan id Lafayette Park, id dumbangan do White House.

Tadau Pomogunan 1990 gisom 1999

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Miampai popogura 200 riong tulun id 141 pogun om popoingkawaskobolingkahangan sandad posorili id taang sompomogunan, abaabayan Tadau Pomogunan ontok toun 1990 manahak lonjakan agayo kumaa goos kitar semula id posorili pomogunan om monguhup mongukab ralan montok, Earth Summit ontok toun 1992 id Rio de Janeiro. Okon miagal do Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso ontok toun 1970, tadau kinoulitan ko-20 di pinoindalan montok kakamot pamadagan di lobi agaras, akses di lobi alaab kumaa televisyen om rodiu, miampai bajet riong dolar.[57]

Fail:Ed20-peace-climb-logo-web.jpg
Logo pinoimagon do Nulu Everest Tadau Pomogunan 20 International Peace Climb

Duo tinimungan di misuai pinoturidong montok momguhup kopoindalanan abaabayan ontok toun 1990 : Tadau Pomogunan 20 Foundation di nowonsoi di Edward Furia (Pengarah Projek Minggu Pomogunan ontok toun 1970), om Tadau Pomogunan di nobontuk di Denis Hayes (Mongugulud Kabansaan Tadau Pomogunan 1970). Senator Gaylord Nelson, nopo nga popotimpuun sandad Tadau Pomogunan, kosiliu ponorikohon tapantang montok koduo - duo tinimungan. Nga, koduo - duo tinimungan di amu miamung tu pisuaian pomusarahan kokomoi ponguludan organisasi miampai struktur om strategi di amu miagal. Piipiro pisuaian di okito nopo nga, kopoindalanan Tadau Pomogunan 20 Foundation amu monokodung Tadau Pomogunan 1990 tu poposuang Hewlett-Packard suang kotinanan diolo,iso syarikat di ontok dii manahak korumbakan koduo tagayo kokomoi kapanahakan kloroflorokarbon id lembah silikon om amu monimban kumaa pomogunoon pelarut alternatif. Id pisuk pamadagangan, Tadau Pomogunan 20 momoguno ponginsamakan toud om mokianu ponguhupan agayo miampai tinimungan sandad miagal do National Toxics Campaign, iri no tu piomungan 1,000 tinimungan sandad mantad Boston di prihatin kumaa korumbakan industri. Misuai mantad, Tadau Pomogunan 1990 di momoguno strategi pamadagangan kawawagu miagal do panahangan tinimungan tarad, ponimungan kousinan mantad surat kotilombus om pongilangan e-mel.[58]

Popokito do Earth Day 20 Foundation abaabayan Tadau Pomogunan diolo ontok 22 Ngiop id George, Washington, osomok do Bawang Columbia, miampai iso panggilan tolipaun satelit maya kotilombus miampai puru Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb di kisajara. Momonsoi diolo do panggilan mantad khemah impohon diolo id Nulu Everest montok popointalang sokodung kumaa kotoronongan pomogunan om pomorotian kumaa kobolingkahangan sandad posorili.[59] Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb miampai boyoon abaabayan di Jim Whittaker, mogigiion Amerika di kumoiso di koumbal minakod do nulu Everest (piipiro toun pogulu). Abaabayan mindakod nulu diti popokito pogiuhupan di kumoiso suang sajara tulun mantad Amerika Syarikat, Koisaan Soviet,om China di nokogos namot mindakod do nulu Everest.[59] Tinimuungan diti kaanu nogi monimung lobi duo tan rinomos di noiduanan do tulun di pogulu om owiton lumintuhun mantad nulu do tinimungan moguguhup. Karamayan id Cokumbia Gorge di pinoindalan do puru TV di nointutunan, John Ratzenberger, mantad Cheers, om abaabayan kohiok mantad "Tapa do Rock and Roll", iri no tu i Chuck Berry.[59]

Warner Bros. Records poposoliwan do sinding di kitema Tadau Pomogunan ontok toun 1990, kiuhu "Tomorrow's World", nosuat di Kix Brooks (di kosiliu soboogian mantad duo Brooks & Dunn) om Pam Tillis.[60] Sinding diti nosinding do artis di nointutunan id muzik country kohompit no, Lynn Anderson, Butch Baker, Shane Barmby, Billy Hill, Suzy Bogguss, Kix Brooks, T. Graham Brown, The Burch Sisters, Holly Dunn, Foster & Lloyd, Vince Gill, William Lee Golden, Highway 101, Shelby Lynne, Johnny Rodriguez, Dan Seals, Les Taylor, Pam Tillis, Mac Wiseman, om Kevin Welch. Sinding diti nokosuang id numbur 74 suang do carta Hot Country Songs ontok tadau wulan, 5 Mikat 1990.[61]

Tadau Pomogunan 2000 - 2019

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Tadau Pomogunan 2000

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Ontok Tadau Kumoiso suang timpu kawawagu diti pointarad kumaa kolosuan global om kolidangan tenaga. Tadau Pomogunan momoguno internet maya pointongkop montok monguhup puru aktivis miromut miampai mongulud koimaan diolo. Soginumu 5,000 tinimungan sandad posorili di kohompit suang abaabayan diti, om aktivisme pinoindalan id 184 pogun id posorili pomogunan.[62]

Tadau Pomogunan 2001

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Doodle Tadau Pomogunan di kumoiso mantad Google di pinosoliwan ontok toun 2001.[63]

Tadau Pomogunan 2003

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Tema montok Tadau Pomogunan 2003 nopo nga Kempen Waig montok Koposion (Water for Life Campaign). Ontok toun diti, Earth Day Network popoingkawas iso projek di kohompit kualiti waig di pinonguranan "What's in Your Water?"[64] Abaabayan miagal diti di pinoindalan id mogisusuai kinoyonon, kohompit no bengkel waig, kopokitanan, konsert om mogisusuai abaabayan id pogun miagao do id Togo, Mesir, Cook Islands, Jordan, Palestin, Jipun, Venezuela, Slovenia, Nigeria, om Kanada.[65][66][67] Kakamot pondidikan kurikulum, sukuon mongingia, kit panahangan waig, om poster di pinotarad kumaa kobolingkahangan waig sabaagai sobogiaan mantad goos popoingkawas korotian kokomoi sandad posorili.

Kempen montok Komuniti (Campaign for Communities) nopo nga iso laang dipinoindalan do, NAACP, organisasi Latino miagal do Southwest Voter Registration and Education Project, miampai organisasi suai di pinotarad kumaa kaadangan sandad posorili, laang diti pinoindalan maya mogisusuai abaabayan di pointarad kumaa komuniti id pogonuan okuri id posorili Amerika Syarikat. Abaabayan diti kohompit no, abaabayan pomolidangan kinoyonon, ponondulian taman-taman montok tulun ginimuan, Dewan pogibabarasan komuniti (town hall) di pointarad montok popoingkawas sokodung suang komuniti id pogonuan okuri, om poposuang koguraan sandad posorili miampai kobolingkahangan kaadangan sosial om komuniti.[68][69]

Tadau Pomogunan 2004

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Ontok toun 2004 id Amerika Syarikat, Earth Day Network om tinimungan suai pointarad kumaa karamayan Tadau Pomogunan kumaa koposuangan pongundi, hinonggo haro aatus ribu pongundi di pinosuang ontok kempen diti.[70][71] Abaabayan di pinoindalan kohompit no, mananom puun maya agayo, pomolidangan monikid toun id Dayton, Ohio om Pitimungan Toun kotolu kokomoi Kolidasan om Kaadangan Sandad Posorili id Seattle, Washington.[72][73]

Tadau Pomogunan 2005

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Tema montok Tadau Pomogunan 2005 nopo nga Sandad Posorili Di Olidas montok Tangaanak (Healthy Environments for Children).[74]

Tadau Pomogunan 2006

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Tadau Pomogunan 2019

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Tema do Tadau Pomogunan 2019 nopo nga "Protect Our Species". Montok kepmen diti, ababaayan om program di pinoindalan montok popoilang toilaan kokomoi sabab - sabab om bagas - bagas katalupan toi ko' katagakan kawo spesies di moingkawas .[75]

Tadau Pomogunan 2020 - 2030

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Tadau Pomogunan 2020

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Tadau Pomogunan 2020 nopo nga toun kinoulitan ko-50 do Tadau Pomogunan.[76] Karamayan diti kohompit no abaabayan miagal do Pomolidangan Global, Sains Warga, Pondidikan, om inus.[77][78][79] Tema Pomogunan 2020 nopo nga "climate action".[80] Sabab do pandemik COVID-19, ogumu ababaayan di napalan nosimban kumaa abaabayan maya intonet.[81] Maya pointarad, piomungan aktivis sukod wagu di pinoindalan do Future Coalition montok Earth Day Live, kotilombus maya tolu tadau montok pomuhandaman toun kinoulitan 50 Tadau Pomogunan id Amerika Syarikat.[82] Abaabayan karamayan pointarad kumaa limo komponen : sains warga, sukarelawan, kohompitan komuniti, pondidikan om tonggungan inus suang popoburu goos diti.

Tadau Pomogunan 2021

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Monunuat Agung Koisaan Bangsa-Bangsa Miiso, António Guterres popolombus boboroson ontok Pitimungan Tohuri Boyoon kokomoi iklim.

Tema Tadau Pomogunan 2021 nopo nga "Restore Our Earth" om popokito limo program: Projek Kanopi, Taakanon om Sandad Posorili, Literasi Iklim, Pongumbalan Pomogunan Global, om Pomolidangan Global Agayo.[83] Ontok minggu Tadau Pomogunan pinoindalan do earthday.org om kotinanan popoindalan suai, Education International, Hip Hop Caucus, om Earth Uprising di popoindalan tolu pitimungan tohuri koimaan iklim maya kotilombus di misuai kokomoi literasi iklim, kaadangan sandad posorili, om kobolingkahangan iklim di nowonsoi do tinimungan sukod wagu. Popoindalan nogi Earthday.org abaabayan kotilombus Tadau Pomogunan Live toun koduo ontok 22 Ngiop 2022 di popokito aktivis global, boyoon sompomogunan om mamaarahung media sosial.[84]

Pomorintaan Biden papanjur do 2021 Leaders' Climate Summit. Pitimungan maya virtual momoguno Zoom-like popohompit 40 boyoon pomogunan om ogumu boboboros, kohompit no Pope Francis, Xiye Bastida, Danielle Merfeld, Monguguhup Presiden om Boyoon Pegawai Teknologi, GE Renewable Energy, Anna Borg, President om CEO, Vattenfall, om Abdullah Subai, Menteri Kakadayan om Sandad Posorili, Qatar.[85][86][87]

Sukarelawan id Sure We Can di momolidang ralan McKibbin montok Tadau Pomogunan 2021

Tadau Pomogunan 2022

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Tema Tadau Pomogunan 2022 nopo nga "Invest in Our Planet" om popoindalan limo program : Pomiladangan Global Agayo, Fesyen Lestari, Literasi Iklim om Sandad Posorili, Projek Kanopi, Taakanon om Sandad Posorili, miampai Pongumbalan Pomogunan Global.[88] Popolombus nogi Earthday.org montok kotilombusan tema "Invest in our Planet" ontok toun 2023 om lobi mantad iso bilion tulun mampayat suang Tadau Pomogunan 2022.[89]

Tadau Pomogunan 2023

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Pomolidangan Disan Rahat id Seaside, Oregon

Tema montok 2023 nopo nga, "Invest In Our Planet"[90][91] Ontok Tadau Pomogunan 2023, pinoiilang do piipiro tinimungan gambar do Pomogunan di naanu mantad mogisusuai sinodu mantad Sistem Solar.[92]

Tadau Pomogunan 2024

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Tema do Earthday.org ontok toun 2024 nopo nga Planet vs. Plastics om kosiliu pananda do Earthday.org mongunsub montok popokuri pomogunoon plastik soginumu 60% ontok toun 2040.[93]

Ontok toun 2023, mamagayat ginawo tulun ginumuan kokomoi kobolingkahangan kolidasan di aasil sabab do mikroplastik, popoilang do earthday.org ruputan kiuhu "Babies vs. Plastics", hinonggo ponimungan ponoriukan sains babaino di mionit bagas mikroplastik kumaa buragang om tangaanak. Akhbar The Guardian newspaper popointalang rancana pomusarahan (Op Ed) kokomoi ruputan diti, di poposotol do tangaanak id pogun Kaabatan Global (Global South) nopo nga tinimungan di kaanu bagas mantad pomogunaan mikroplastik.[94][95]

Tadau Pomogunan 2025

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Tema Tadau Pomogunan 2025 nopo nga Kuasa Tokou, Planet Tokou (Our Power, Our Planet).[96]

Sukuon

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Earth Day 2020: What Is It and How Do People Mark It Around the World?". The Independent. April 21, 2020. Linoyog ontok February 19, 2021.
  2. ↑ "1 billion people are taking part in Earth Day - here are some reasons to be hopeful this year". Euronews. April 20, 2022. Linoyog ontok March 9, 2023.
  3. ↑ "The 50th Anniversary of Earth Day Unites Tens of Millions of People Across the World in Action and a Multi-Platform Event". Yahoo. April 24, 2020. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok April 22, 2021. Linoyog ontok February 19, 2021.
  4. ↑ Frazier, Reed (22 April 2015). "Julian Koenig, Well-Known Adman, Named Earth Day". NPR. Linoyog ontok 10 March 2025.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Labor and environmentalists have been teaming up since the first Earth Day". Grist. April 2, 2010. Linoyog ontok April 28, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Meet 'Mr. Earth Day,' the Man Who Helped Organize the Annual Observance". Time. Linoyog ontok April 28, 2020.
  7. ↑ "The Rumpus Interview with Earth Day Organizer Denis Hayes". The Rumpus.net. April 2, 2009. Linoyog ontok April 28, 2020.
  8. ↑ Striepe, Becky (2013-04-21). "Earth Day Care2 Healthy Living". Care2.com. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2013-04-23. Linoyog ontok 2013-04-24.
  9. ↑ "Planet vs. Plastics Global Theme for Earth Day 2024". earthday.org. n.d. Linoyog ontok January 20, 2024.
  10. ↑ "Staff – The Buillitt Foundation". Bullitt.org. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok August 7, 2011. Linoyog ontok April 22, 2011.
  11. ↑ "The Rumpus Interview With Earth Day Organizer Denis Hayes". The Rumpus.net. April 17, 2020. Linoyog ontok April 20, 2020.
  12. ↑ "How Earth Day gave birth to the environmental movement". The Harvard Gazette. January 1990. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok March 28, 2010. Linoyog ontok April 22, 2010.
  13. ↑ "Earth Day: Let's pledge to keep our environment clean, says Mamata". The Statesman. April 22, 2018.
  14. ↑ "The 50th Anniversary of Earth Day Unites Tens of Millions of People Across the World in Action and a Multi-Platform Event". Yahoo. April 24, 2020. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok April 22, 2021. Linoyog ontok February 19, 2021.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Wheeling, Kate; Ufberg, Max (2017-04-18). "'The Ocean Is Boiling': The Complete Oral History of the 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill". Pacific Standard. Linoyog ontok 2018-05-09.
  16. ↑ Bastian, Jonathan (2017-04-21). "How the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill sparked Earth Day". KCRW. Linoyog ontok 2018-05-09.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Wheeling, Kate; Ufberg, Max (2017-04-18). "'The Ocean Is Boiling': The Complete Oral History of the 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill". Pacific Standard. Linoyog ontok 2018-05-09.
  18. ↑ McGinnes, J. Marc (1981). "Environmental Law Series Links Campus and Community in Santa Barbara". The Journal of Environmental Education. 12 (3): 4–6. Bibcode:1981JEnEd..12c...4M. doi:10.1080/00958964.1981.10801903.
  19. ↑ "The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever". LA Times..
  20. ↑ Boissoneault, Lorraine. "The Cuyahoga River Caught Fire at Least a Dozen Times, but No One Cared Until 1969". Smithsonian Magazine.
  21. ↑ "Nels on 126 Dutton" (PDF). Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok September 26, 2021. Linoyog ontok March 18, 2021.
  22. ↑ "International Mother Earth Day 2021: Theme, Quotes, History, Celebrations". S A NEWS (id boros Inggeris AS). April 22, 2021. Linoyog ontok April 22, 2021.
  23. ↑ Fall, Bernard (1967). Last Reflections on a War. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0811709040.
  24. ↑ Terri Hellenbeck,"Meet the 79-Year-Old Man Who Will Oversee Vermont's Energy Future". sevendaysvt.com. Linoyog ontok February 19, 2021.
  25. ↑ Wheeling, Kate; Ufberg, Max (2017-04-18). "'The Ocean Is Boiling': The Complete Oral History of the 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill". Pacific Standard. Linoyog ontok 2018-05-09.
  26. ↑ Bastian, Jonathan (2017-04-21). "How the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill sparked Earth Day". KCRW. Linoyog ontok 2018-05-09.
  27. ↑ McGinnes, J. Marc (1981). "Environmental Law Series Links Campus and Community in Santa Barbara". The Journal of Environmental Education. 12 (3): 4–6. Bibcode:1981JEnEd..12c...4M. doi:10.1080/00958964.1981.10801903.
  28. ↑ John Schwartz,"The 'Profoundly Radical' Message of Earth Day's First Organizer". The New York Times. April 20, 2020. Linoyog ontok February 19, 2021.
  29. ↑ McCloskey's congressional district included Stanford, where Hayes had been student body president the previous year, and Hayes was friends with Fred Dutton and with Professor Paul Ehrlich who served on the Teach-In's governing board.
  30. ↑ "The first Earth Day". HISTORY (id boros Inggilis). November 24, 2009. Linoyog ontok April 22, 2021.
  31. ↑ Robertson, Nan (April 22, 1970). "Angry Coordinator of Earth Day". New York Times.
  32. ↑ "The first Earth Day". HISTORY (id boros Inggilis). November 24, 2009. Linoyog ontok April 22, 2021.
  33. ↑ Garfield, Bob (March 29, 1999). "AD AGE ADVERTISING CENTURY: THE TOP 100 CAMPAIGNS". adage.com. To the careful observer, the values that underpinned the VW ads actually were aligned with many of the values of Earth Day. The Think Small campaign rebutted the industry's preoccupation with conspicuous consumption with what might be termed "conspicuous frugality." The ads were dismissive of massive V-8 engines, tailfins, and bushels of chrome. They took pride in high mileage, low maintenance. They viewed cars as transportation, not status symbols.
  34. ↑ Yardley, William (June 17, 2014). "Julian Koenig, Who Sold Americans on Beetles and Earth Day, Dies at 93". The New York Times (id boros Inggeris AS). ISSN 0362-4331. Linoyog ontok February 21, 2019.
  35. ↑ "Two New York Times ads, separated by half a century, call millions to action". Earth Day. February 1, 2020.
  36. ↑ Senator Nelson did not initially care for the change, and he continued to insist on calling the event Environmental Teach-In through April. Ultimately, however, Nelson too adopted the new name and later took enormous pride in being termed the father of Earth Day
  37. ↑ One consequence of leaving the name in the public domain was that bad actors could use it as well. Over time, major corporate polluters, rapacious timber operators, oil companies, and other bad environmental actors have run their own Earth Day campaigns, often leading to public misperceptions that they are funding or otherwise aligned with the Earth Day Network
  38. ↑ "Hamilton had earlier worked for Save the Children". savethechildren.org.
  39. ↑ "Earth Day: The History of A Movement". Earth Day Network. Linoyog ontok August 16, 2013.
  40. ↑ Lewis, Jack (November 1985). "The Birth of EPA". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok September 22, 2006.
  41. ↑ Yoder, Kate (June 12, 2024). "How the recycling symbol lost its meaning". Grist. Linoyog ontok June 29, 2024.
  42. ↑ "About". Earth Day Network. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok April 23, 2007. Linoyog ontok April 15, 2013.
  43. ↑ "Labor and environmentalists have been teaming up since the first Earth Day". Grist. April 2, 2010. Linoyog ontok April 28, 2020.
  44. ↑ "Meet 'Mr. Earth Day,' the Man Who Helped Organize the Annual Observance". Time. Linoyog ontok April 28, 2020.
  45. ↑ "The Rumpus Interview with Earth Day Organizer Denis Hayes". The Rumpus.net. April 2, 2009. Linoyog ontok April 28, 2020.
  46. ↑ "Earth Day Theme Continues in U.S. – Antipollution Activity Goes Beyond One-Day Event". The New York Times.
  47. ↑ History.com Editors,"Brown v. Board of Education". history.com. October 27, 2009. Linoyog ontok February 19, 2021.
  48. ↑ "History of Federal Voting Rights Laws". justice.gov. Linoyog ontok February 19, 2021.
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