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Tompin

Mantad Wikipedia
article nopo diti nga kokomoi the member of the animal kingdom. For other uses, see Tompin (disambiguation).

Tompin
Temporal range: Early Oligocene – Recent
Northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Sciuridae
Subfamily: Sciurinae
Tribe: Pteromyini
Brandt, 1855
Genera

Aeretes
Aeromys
Belomys
Biswamoyopterus
Eoglaucomys
Eupetaurus
Glaucomys
Hylopetes
Iomys
Petaurillus
Petaurista
Petinomys
Priapomys
Pteromys
Pteromyscus
Trogopterus

Tompin (ngaran saintifik nopo nga Pteromyini toi ko' Petauristini) nopo nga tinimungan tinaru montok 50 kawo bosing id paganakan Sciuridae. Sundung do ngaran dupot diti 'tupai terbang' id malayu, aiso kabaalan do tumulud miagal do tombolog toi ko' pungit nga kaanu mingkuhus id puun kumaa id puun suai miampai kouhupan patagium, iso salaput kulit kihulu miagal payung tuhun i lumanat mantad siku gisom tampangil. Tikiu do anaru nogi nga popotounda kosulimbangan mamaso mingkuhus. Tumanud anatomi, miagal kopio iti do bosing suai miampai piipiro kosimbanan montok popisokoyut do woyo koposion dau; tulang do tinan di lobi anaru om tulang longon, tulang gakod, om tompok vertebra nopo nga lobi oniba. Kaanu tompin diti do mongumolig do ralan mingkuhus momoguno do longon om tikiu.

Ponoriukan molekul popokito do tompin monofiletik (mantad ido filum/klad aiso raan id filum dau) om mantad 8-20 noribu toun dilaid. Genus Paracitellus nopo nga sakag timpuunon montok tompin ontok Oligosen Akhir.Kogumuan nokturnal om maserba mangakan tua'-ua, linso, sobul, bunga, songongi, gastropod, korut, kulat, tontolu' tombolog, sap puun om tanak tombolog. Osusu tanak diti id rumun miampai poimbulagoi om oluhoi. Tamangan ii do tama dau om kaanu miluda do kabaalan mingkuhus soira piipiro minggu. Mantad dii, nokotounda yau montok mogidu mantad rumun.

Kotolinahasan

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Tompin tumulud (Glaucomys sabrinus) tumulud.
Tulang Tompin (Glaucomys volans) id NMNH. Kartilage styliform poinsokot id koromulok montok monokodung do membran talad.[1]

Tompin, nopo nga amu milo do tumulud miagal ko tombolog toi ko' pungit, nga rumulus miampai puun. Kaanu yolo do manganu daya oowit masaan do rumulus, miampai kinosoduon rulus koumbal nosuat gisom 90 meter (300 kaki).[2][3] Kokoyoon om kinosiahon do tayam id tawan nopo nga milo simbanon maya popogura do posisi tinan diolo, ii tamangan lolobi po do tulang koromulok tokoro id lunggayan do longon. Haro piipiro unjulan tulang koromulok id lunggayan longon ii kakaton do tompin masaan do rumulus.[4] Tulang koromulok di poimbida diti nopo nga haro no id tompin om aiso id mamalia rumulus suai.[5] Nintodonon montok tulang koromulok stiliform diti namaan soriuko om data popokito do haro kanto homolog miampai struktur karpus id bosing suai.[6] Tulang koromulok diti miampai do manus (longon), kobontuk do tompok 'talad' ii gunoon masaan do rumulus. Kalapas do pinakambang, tompok do 'talad' diti milo iruson id mogikaakawo pisuk, manamong do pinguraan aerodinamik.[7][8] Lunggayan longon nogi nga manamong do taang kalanaton id patagium, ii no tu membran kihulu miagal pazung tumundok ii lumanat mantad lunggayan longon kumaa tampangil.[9] Haro nogi tikiu kihulu ii monguhup do kosulimbangon masaan do hidau. Tikiu di kiguno sabaagi manganu tongus om sabaagi brek tongus pogulu do dumakit id guas do puun.[10]

Tayam rumulus di miagal

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Colugos, Petauridae om Anomaluridae nopo nga iso mamalia rumulus ii miagal do tompin aasil mantad evolusi konvergen, mulong pia do amu yolo kopionit maya genetik. Miagal do tompin, yolo nogi nga mamalia mindakod scansorial ii momoguno do patagium diolo montok rumulus maya amu lokis montok osiau do minggura id posorili diolo.

Sajara evolusi

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Pogulu di ohotusan ko-21, sajara evolusi do tompin nopo nga insarau kosiliu sabagi do pisiwalan.[11] Pisiwalan diti lobi ogumu do potolinahason aasil do duo ponoriukan molekul.[12][13] Ponoriukan-ponoriukan dii popokito nintodonon do tompin nopo nga mantad 18 gisom 20 riong toun di pogulu, ii nopo nga monofiletik (nintodonon mantad iso komolohingan di miagal) om haro pionitan piompinayan miampai bosing puun. Mantad do pionitan di tosomok diti pisuaian morfologi do tompin om bosing puun kapanahak do korotian kokomoi kinobontukon mekanisme rumulus. Sokiro do pisuaion miampai bosing di miirad, okito o konoruon id tulang veterbrata lumbal do tompin om longon toguang, tulang gakod, longon om veterbrata distal nopo nga lobi oniba. Pisuaian id boogian tinan dii popokito do pongubasan tompin montok monginkuri 'talad' om popoingkawas kabaalan manuver masaan do rumulus. Bagas mantad pisuaian diti, amu miagal do bosing toomod, amu kosudong tompin montok koguraon apat gakod om mantad di lobi tumalahan kumaa kabaalan rumulus diolo.[14]

Piipiro hipotesis pinosuul montok popotolinahas do evolusi kabaalan rumulus do tompin.[15] Iso kotolinahasan milo kohompit kadarakason lokis om abaabayan mogihum taakanon.[16][17] Rumulus nopo nga iso laang di lobi adarasak do lokis montok minggura mantad iso puun kumaa puun di suai masaan do mogihum taakanon, misuai mantad lumintuhun do puun om mimpanau id tana do gouton toi ko' sumimpod ii lobi kirisiko id tongus.[16] Maya rumulus id kinosiyahon di akawas, milo tompin mogihum do taakanon id kinoiyonon do gouton ii lobi oliwas miampai lobi osiau mantad bosing puun. Milo rumulus o tompin id sinodu di osodu maya popoingkawas kinosiyahon tongus om daya kaakat diolo.[17]

Hipotesis suai nopo nga koboros do mekanisme diti nokoingkawas sabaagi iso laang montok mongilag mamatai om mongingkuri toruol. Sokiro do koindalan abaabayan di koligogon id puun milo tompin rumulus kumaa id puun suai om koinsoruan kaanu yolo mogidu mantad koligaganan dii.[17][18] Ingkaa nogi tu teknik tumimpuun om dumakit masaan do sumimpod, ii milo gunoon montok koumoligan kaanu popotolinahas kokomoi mekanisme rumulus. Mulong pia do sumimpod id kinosiahon di akawas oponsol montok mogidu mantad koligaganon, daya bobog di akawas soira dumakit id puun wagu kaanu mamaraag kolidasan do tompin.[17] Sundung po do ingkaa mekanisme rumulus tompin nopo nga kohimpit do struktur om teknik masaan do tumulud ii kaanu papadang om katamangan di takawas. Sokiro do kasala do mangaga', osonong tompin monginsonong do tongoyon maya kopomogunaan do kabaalan rumulus diolo.[17] Milo nogi tompin papaasil bombong rumulus ii lobi agayo soira sumomok do puun di tiruon, poporulan do kosiahon panangkasabab do koingkawason taambon masaan do dumakit.[17][19]

Pendaflour

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Ontok toun 2019, okunamaan, nointangan do songinan tompin minokilap pendaflour buragang id siriba do tulinau UV. Ponoriukan sumusuhut mantad puru biologi id Northland College id Wisconsin Koibutan nakaanu do toinsanai tolu spesies tompin id Amerika Koibutan nopo nga haro kouyuuyuo diti. Ontok timpu diti tudu do fenomena diti amu po noilaan. Bosing toomod nopo nga amu milo tumulud om amu popokito do pendaflour id siriba do tulinau UV.[20]

Tompin tagayo Mechuka, Mishmi Hills om Mebo nokito id pogun kosiloon kotonobon India, Arunachal Pradesh ontok kolimpupuson do 2000.[21][22][23] Holotaip diolo nopo nga pinoopi id koleksi Survei Zoologi Survey India, Kolkata.

Spesies Fossil

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Haro rikud fosil do tompin ii osonong mantad timpu Oligosen om sumusuhut dau. Piipiro genus fosil ii nointutunan nopo nga mantad timpu Eosen nopo nga naandasan do nasalaan minanafsir tu tompin nopo nga notumbayaan do minurias mantad rulud sinakagon dau kalapas do timpu dii.[24]

Taksonomi

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Spesies Kawawagu

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Tompin Pogun Wagu nopo nga poinsuang id genus Glaucomys (kirati lawow ii kitulina" id boros Yunani). Tompin id Pogun Pogulu nopo nga poinsuang id genus Pteromys (kirati lawow kitalad id boros Yunani)

Tolu spesies do genus Glaucomys (Glaucomys sabrinus, Glucomys volans om Gloucomyces oregonensis) mantad Amerika Kabaatan om Amerika Tanga; ogumu takson suai ii haro id toinsanai Asia, kohimpit tompin Siberia (Pteromys volans). Ii osiwang o julat dau id Eropah Kosiloon kotonobon (Rusia), Finland om Estonia).

Minongintutun ii Thorington om Hoffman (2005) do 15 genus tompin id duo subtribus.

Tribe Pteromyini – Tompin

  • Subtribe Glaucomyina
    • Genus Eoglaucomys
      • Kashmir flying squirrel, Eoglaucomys fimbriatus
        • Afghan flying squirrel, E. f. baberi
    • Genus Glaucomys – New World flying squirrels (American flying squirrels), North America
      • Southern flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans
      • Northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus
      • Humboldt's flying squirrel, Glaucomys oregonensis
    • Genus Hylopetes, Southeast Asia
      • Particolored flying squirrel, Hylopetes alboniger
      • Bartel's flying squirrel, Hylopetes bartelsi
      • Gray-cheeked flying squirrel, Hylopetes lepidus
      • Palawan flying squirrel, Hylopetes nigripes
      • Indochinese flying squirrel, Hylopetes phayrei
      • Jentink's flying squirrel, Hylopetes platyurus
      • Sipora flying squirrel, Hylopetes sipora
      • Red-cheeked flying squirrel, Hylopetes spadiceus
      • Sumatran flying squirrel, Hylopetes winstoni
    • Genus Iomys, Malaysia and Indonesia
      • Javanese flying squirrel (Horsfield's flying squirrel), Iomys horsfieldi
      • Mentawi flying squirrel, Iomys sipora
    • Genus Petaurillus – pygmy flying squirrels, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula
      • Lesser pygmy flying squirrel, Petaurillus emiliae
      • Hose's pygmy flying squirrel, Petaurillus hosei
      • Selangor pygmy flying squirrel, Petaurillus kinlochii
    • Genus Petinomys, Southeast Asia
      • Basilan flying squirrel, Petinomys crinitus
      • Travancore flying squirrel, Petinomys fuscocapillus
      • Whiskered flying squirrel, Petinomys genibarbis
      • Hagen's flying squirrel, Petinomys hageni
      • Siberut flying squirrel, Petinomys lugens
      • Mindanao flying squirrel, Petinomys mindanensis
      • Arrow flying squirrel, Petinomys sagitta
      • Temminck's flying squirrel, Petinomys setosus
      • Vordermann's flying squirrel, Petinomys vordermanni
    • Genus Priapomys, western Yunnan in China and adjoining regions of Myanmar
      • Himalayan large-eared flying squirrel, P. leonardi[26]
  • Subtribe Pteromyina
    • Genus Aeretes, northeastern China
      • Groove-toothed flying squirrel (North Chinese flying squirrel), Aeretes melanopterus
    • Genus Aeromys – large black flying squirrels, Thailand to Borneo
      • Black flying squirrel, Aeromys tephromelas
      • Thomas's flying squirrel, Aeromys thomasi
    • Genus Belomys, Southeast Asia
      • Hairy-footed flying squirrel, Belomys pearsonii
    • Genus Biswamoyopterus, northeastern India to southern China and southeast Asia
      • Namdapha flying squirrel, Biswamoyopterus biswasi
      • Laotian giant flying squirrel, Biswamoyopterus laoensis
      • Mount Gaoligong flying squirrel Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis
    • Genus Eupetaurus, Pakistan to China; rare
      • Western woolly flying squirrel, Eupetaurus cinereus
      • Yunnan woolly flying squirrel, Eupetaurus nivamons
      • Tibetan woolly flying squirrel, Eupetaurus tibetensis
    • Genus Petaurista - giant flying squirrels, Southeast and East Asia
      • Red and white giant flying squirrel, Petaurista alborufus
      • Spotted giant flying squirrel, Petaurista elegans
      • Hodgson's giant flying squirrel, Petaurista magnificus
      • Bhutan giant flying squirrel, Petaurista nobilis
      • Indian giant flying squirrel, Petaurista philippensis
      • Chinese giant flying squirrel, Petaurista xanthotis
      • Japanese giant flying squirrel, Petaurista leucogenys
      • Red giant flying squirrel, Petaurista petaurista
      • Mechuka giant flying squirrel, Petaurista mechukaensis
      • Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel, Petaurista mishmiensis
      • Mebo giant flying squirrel, Petaurista siangensis
    • Genus Pteromys – Old World flying squirrels, Finland to Japan
      • Siberian flying squirrel, Pteromys volans
      • Japanese dwarf flying squirrel, Pteromys momonga
    • Genus Pteromyscus, southern Thailand to Borneo
      • Smoky flying squirrel, Pteromyscus pulverulentus
    • Genus Trogopterus, China
      • Complex-toothed flying squirrel, Trogopterus xanthipes

Turugan Koposion

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Tompin koibutan (Glaucomys volans) rumulus

Kinoruon koposion do tompin id koposion olias nopo nga gisom do limo nopod toun. Kadar kapataion id tinimungan tangaanak so tompin nopo nga lobi akawas panangkasabab do mamatai om toruol. Mamamatai poinlobi do tompin nopo nga kohimpit do tulanut puun, sintukod tukod, puok, marten, fisher, koyot, bobcat om tungau olias.[27] Id Pasifik koibutan Kosilaon Amerika, puok buris koibutan (Strix occidentalis) nopo nga sala iso mamatai ii koinsoruan magasu do tompin.

Koinsoruan tompin nopo nga nokturnal,[28] tu amu yolo osikap do mogidu mantad tombolog mamatai ii magasu ontok dangadau.[27] yolo nopo nga omnivor om mangakan do nunu nopo ii haro id sorili diolo. Tompin kabaatan Amerika koibutan nopo nga mangakan do linsou, songiongi, gastropod, korut, puun osiriba, tusak,kulat om waig sap puun.[minog do kisukuon]

Sumakag

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Timpu do sumakag montok tompin nopo nga koindalan id sorili do tulan Mansak om Gomot. Soira do osusu tangaanak so tompin, induk tondu nopo nga mion miampai diolo id rumun poimbida montok papagayo do tangaanak dii. Tamangan do tama o tangaanak diolo gisom do nokotounda do mogidu mantad rumun. Tompin kusai nopo nga amu kohimpit id katamangan do tanak.[29]

Masaan do nosusu, tanak do tompin nopo nga osomok no do aiso hulu nga haro id gongit dau om kogumuan deria kakal po do amu nokoingkawas. Organ id suang nopo nga okito maya kulit di odipis om kotinanon diolo milo intutunan. Ontok minggu ko limo, osomok no do agayo yolo. Masaan diti tumimpuun no yolo do manahak tisuli kumaa posorili om tumimpuun do popokito kowoyowoyoon mimporian. Ontok minggu-minggu di sumusuhut minluda yolo do minsimpod om rumulus. Kalapas do agaaga duo satanga wulan, otollud no kabaalan rumulus diolo om sumoliwan mantad rumun miampai koilo no di masi sondii.[30]

Diet

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Kaanu no mogihum taakanon ontok timpu dongotuong o tompin maya momoguno deria singud di atarom. Mangakan yolo do tua'ua, kasang, kulat om tontolu tombolog.[2][31][3] Kogumuan spesies bosing rumulus nopo nga haro diet poimbida om haro hinta do kaanu yolo do kounalan mantad toud taakanon ii okuri protein.[32] Suai ko ii, rumulus nopo nga iso laang diolo do minggura di osiau, kaanu mongikit do timpu wayaan mantad iso kinoiyonon taakanon om mongikit nogi timpu mogihum do taakanon.[33]

Sukuon

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  1. ↑ Kawashima, Tomokazu; Thorington, Richard W.; Bohaska, Paula W.; Sato, Fumi (2017-02-01). "Evolutionary Transformation of the Palmaris Longus Muscle in Flying Squirrels (Pteromyini: Sciuridae): An Anatomical Consideration of the Origin of the Uniquely Specialized Styliform Cartilage". The Anatomical Record (id boros Inggilis). 300 (2): 340–352. doi:10.1002/ar.23471. ISSN 1932-8494. PMID 27611816. S2CID 3628991.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Malamuth, E.; Mulheisen, M. (1995–2008). "ADW: Glaucomys sabrinus – Northern flying squirrel". University of Michigan Museum of Natural History. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 12 August 2009. Linoyog ontok 14 July 2009.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Asari, Y; Yanagawa, H.; Oshida, T. (2007). "Gliding ability of the Siberian flying squirrel Pteromys volans orii" (PDF). Mammal Study. 32 (4): 151–154. doi:10.3106/1348-6160(2007)32[151:GAOTSF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 59025388. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 2010-07-11. Linoyog ontok 2009-07-14.
  4. ↑ Paskins, Keith E.; Bowyer, Adrian; Megill, William M.; Scheibe, John S. (2007). "Take-off and landing forces and the evolution of controlled gliding in northern flying squirrels Glaucomys sabrinus". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (Pt 8): 1413–1423. doi:10.1242/jeb.02747. PMID 17401124.
  5. ↑ Kawashima, Tomokazu; Thorington, Richard W.; Bohaska, Paula W.; Sato, Fumi (2017-02-01). "Evolutionary Transformation of the Palmaris Longus Muscle in Flying Squirrels (Pteromyini: Sciuridae): An Anatomical Consideration of the Origin of the Uniquely Specialized Styliform Cartilage". The Anatomical Record (id boros Inggilis). 300 (2): 340–352. doi:10.1002/ar.23471. ISSN 1932-8494. PMID 27611816. S2CID 3628991.
  6. ↑ Kawashima, Tomokazu; Thorington, Richard W.; Bohaska, Paula W.; Sato, Fumi (2017-02-01). "Evolutionary Transformation of the Palmaris Longus Muscle in Flying Squirrels (Pteromyini: Sciuridae): An Anatomical Consideration of the Origin of the Uniquely Specialized Styliform Cartilage". The Anatomical Record (id boros Inggilis). 300 (2): 340–352. doi:10.1002/ar.23471. ISSN 1932-8494. PMID 27611816. S2CID 3628991.
  7. ↑ Johnson-Murray, Jane L. (1977). "Myology of the Gliding Membranes of Some Petauristine Rodents (Genera: Glaucomys, Pteromys, Petinomys, and Petaurista)". Journal of Mammalogy. 58 (3): 374–384. doi:10.2307/1379336. JSTOR 1379336.
  8. ↑ Thorington, R.W Jr.; Darrow, K.; Anderson, C.G. (1998). "Wing Tip Anatomy and Aerodynamics in Flying Squirrels" (PDF). Journal of Mammalogy. 79 (1): 245–250. doi:10.2307/1382860. JSTOR 1382860. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 2009-04-09. Linoyog ontok 2009-07-14.
  9. ↑ Thorington, R.W Jr.; Darrow, K.; Anderson, C.G. (1998). "Wing Tip Anatomy and Aerodynamics in Flying Squirrels" (PDF). Journal of Mammalogy. 79 (1): 245–250. doi:10.2307/1382860. JSTOR 1382860. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 2009-04-09. Linoyog ontok 2009-07-14.
  10. ↑ Carraway, L.N.; Verts, B.J. (1994). "Sciurus griseus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (474): 1–7. doi:10.2307/3504097. JSTOR 3504097. S2CID 253911325. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 2010-01-07. Linoyog ontok 2009-07-14.
  11. ↑ Arbogast, B.S. (2007). "A brief history of the new world flying squirrels: Phylogeny, biogeography, and conservation genetics". Journal of Mammalogy. 88 (4): 840–849. doi:10.1644/06-MAMM-S-322R1.1.
  12. ↑ Mercer, J.M.; V.L. Roth (2003). "The effects of cenozoic global change on squirrel phylogeny". Science. 299 (5612): 1568–1572. Bibcode:2003Sci...299.1568M. doi:10.1126/science.1079705. PMID 12595609. S2CID 40366357.
  13. ↑ Steppan, S.J.; B.L. Storz; R.S. Hoffmann (2004). "Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia : Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (3): 703–719. Bibcode:2004MolPE..30..703S. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00204-5. PMID 15012949.
  14. ↑ Thorington, Richard W.; Santana, Erica M. (2007). "How to make a flying squirrel: Glaucomys anatomy in phylogenetic perspective". Journal of Mammalogy. 88 (4): 882–896. doi:10.1644/06-mamm-s-325r2.1.
  15. ↑ Flaherty, E.A.; M. Ben-David; W.P. Smith (2010). "Quadrupedal locomotor performance in two species of arboreal squirrels: predicting energy savings of gliding". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 180 (7): 1067–1078. doi:10.1007/s00360-010-0470-1. PMID 20361193. S2CID 240833.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Norberg, Ulla M. (1985). "Evolution of vertebrate flight: an aerodynamic model for the transition from gliding to active flight". American Naturalist. 126 (3): 303–327. doi:10.1086/284419. S2CID 85306259.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Paskins, Keith E.; Bowyer, Adrian; Megill, William M.; Scheibe, John S. (2007). "Take-off and landing forces and the evolution of controlled gliding in northern flying squirrels Glaucomys sabrinus". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (Pt 8): 1413–1423. doi:10.1242/jeb.02747. PMID 17401124. Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah, nama ":1" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza
  18. ↑ Scheibe, John S.; Figgs, Daylan; Heiland, Jeff (1990). "Morphological attributes of gliding rodents: a preliminary analysis". Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science. 24: 49–56.
  19. ↑ Byrnes, Greg; Spence, Andrew J. (2011). "Ecological and Biomechanical Insights into the Evolution of Gliding in Mammals". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 51 (6): 991–1001. doi:10.1093/icb/icr069. PMID 21719434.
  20. ↑ Anich, Paula Spaeth; Martin, Jonathan G.; Olson, Erik R.; Kohler, Allison M. (2019). "Ultraviolet fluorescence discovered in New World flying squirrels (Glaucomys)". Journal of Mammalogy (id boros Inggilis). 100: 21–30. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy177.
  21. ↑ Choudhury, A.U. (2007). A new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India 7: 26–34, plates.
  22. ↑ Choudhury, A.U. (2009). One more new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India 8: 26–34, plates.
  23. ↑ Choudhury, A.U. (2013). Description of a new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Siang Basin, Arunachal Pradesh in North East India. The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India 9: 30–38, plates.
  24. ↑ Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac; Garcia-Porta, Joan; Fortuny, Josep; Sanisidro, Óscar; Prieto, Jérôme; Querejeta, Marina; Llácer, Sergio; Robles, Josep M; Bernardini, Federico; Alba, David M (2018-10-09). "Oldest skeleton of a fossil flying squirrel casts new light on the phylogeny of the group". eLife. 7: e39270. doi:10.7554/eLife.39270. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6177260. PMID 30296996.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Daxner-Höck G. (2004). "Flying Squirrels (Pteromyinae, Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of Austria". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 106A: 387–423. PDF.
  26. ↑ Li, Quan; Cheng, Feng; Jackson, Stephen M.; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Song, Wen-Yu; Liu, Shao-Ying; Sanamxay, Daosavanh; Li, Song; Li, Fei; Xiong, Yun; Sun, Jun (2021-07-18). "Phylogenetic and morphological significance of an overlooked flying squirrel (Pteromyini, Rodentia) from the eastern Himalayas with the description of a new genus". Zoological Research (id boros Inggilis). 42 (4): 389–400. doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.039. ISSN 2095-8137. PMC 8317177. PMID 34047079.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Malamuth, E.; Mulheisen, M. (1995–2008). "ADW: Glaucomys sabrinus – Northern flying squirrel". University of Michigan Museum of Natural History. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 12 August 2009. Linoyog ontok 14 July 2009. Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah, nama "squirrel" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza
  28. ↑ Thorington, R.W Jr.; Pitassy, D.; Jansa, S.A. (2002). "Phylogenies of Flying Squirrels (Pteromyinae)" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 9 (1–2): 99–135. doi:10.1023/A:1021335912016. S2CID 12443674. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 2011-06-11. Linoyog ontok 2009-07-14.
  29. ↑ Studelska, Rebecca. (1997). "Northern Flying Squirrels". Northern State University. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok February 19, 2008. Linoyog ontok 2009-09-14. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ↑ Patterson., Robert (2009). "Life Cycle". Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2009-01-30. Linoyog ontok 2009-09-14. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ↑ North, M.; Trappe, J.; Franklin, J. (1995). "Standing crop and animal consumption of fungal sporocarps in Pacific Northwest forests" (PDF). Ecology. 78 (5): 1543–1554. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1543:SCAACO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86779270. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 2010-06-10. Linoyog ontok 2009-07-14.
  32. ↑ Byrnes, G.; A.J. Spence (2011). "Ecological and biomechanical insights into the evolution of gliding in mammals". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 51 (6): 991–1001. doi:10.1093/icb/icr069. PMID 21719434.
  33. ↑ Byrnes, G.; A.J. Spence (2011). "Ecological and biomechanical insights into the evolution of gliding in mammals". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 51 (6): 991–1001. doi:10.1093/icb/icr069. PMID 21719434.
[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Templat:S. Sciurinae2 nav

Pambasaan tumilombus

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  •  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Flying-squirrel" . Encyclopædia Britannica (id boros Inggilis) (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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