Pergi ke kandungan

Clara Immerwahr

Mantad Wikipedia

Clara Immerwahr
Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915)
Kinosusuon
Clara Helene Immerwahr

(1870-06-21)21 Mahas 1870
Polkendorf near Breslau, Silesia Province, Kingdom of Prussia
Tadauwulan
minidu pogun		2 Mikat 1915(1915-05-02) (umul 44)
Berlin-Dahlem, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
NakapapataiSuicide by gunshot
MomogunGerman
SinikulanUniversity of Breslau
SawoFritz Haber
Tanak1
Buruon saintifik
GanaChemistry
Doctoral advisorRichard Abegg

Clara Helene Immerwahr (German pronunciation: [ˈklaːʁa heˈleːnə ˈʔɪmɐvaːɐ̯]; 21 Mahas 1870 – 2 Mikat 1915) nopo nga songulun puru kimia Jerman.[1] Isido nopo nga tondu Jerman koiso i nakaanu ijazah kedoktoran id suang gana kimia mantad Universiti Breslau, om ointutunan sabaagi songulun pasifis om nogi "wira id suang guraan hak tondu".[2] Mantad toun 1901 gisom kinapatayon dau gama kinumiros ontok toun 1915, sinumawo isido miampai puru kimia i nakalantoi tutungkap Nobel, Fritz Haber.

Koposion pogulu om pondidikan

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Nosusu i Immerwahr id Dumo Polkendorff hilo Breslau (baino nopo nga Wojczyce, Poland), sabaagi tanak tohuri do mikoruhang Yahudi, puru kimia Philipp Immerwahr om sawo dau, Anna (née Krohn). Pinagayo isido id dumo di miampai tolu tulun taka dau ii no Elli, Rose om Paul. Ontok 1890, minidu pogun o tama dau gama do kanser. Elli om sawo dau, Siegfried tinumimporon id dumo, minundaliu i Clara miampai tapa dau hilo id Breslau.[3]

Monginobos i Immerwahr hilo Universiti Breslau, nakaanu ijazah om PhD id gana kimia id siriba tapanai [[]]Richard Abegg ontok toun 1900,[4] soira nakaawi 8 semester ponginabasan (alaid o duo semester mantad ko calon kusai montok kedoktoran).[5] Disertasi nopo dau nga kiuhu Beiträge zur Löslichkeitsbestimmung schwerlöslicher Salze des Quecksilbers, Kupfers, Bleis, Cadmiums und Zinks (Contributions to the Solubility of Slightly Soluble Salts of Mercury, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc). Isido nopo nga tondu koiso i nakaanu Ph.D. id Universiti Breslau[6] om nakaanu kapamantangan magna cum laude.[7] Pongobian nopo thesis dau nga pinaharo id dian utama universiti om ogumu tondu omulok mantad kakadayan dii i nokotindapou, i orohian mintong do "Unser erster weiblicher Doktor" ("dokutul tondu koiso dahai").[5] Piipiro tulan kalapas nakaanu ijazah, minanahak isido boborosn kiuhu "Chemistry and Physics in the Household."[8]

Pisasawaan om kalaja

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Sinumawo i Immerwahr miampai Fritz Haber ontok Magus 1901, apat toun kalapas tinumanud isido ugama Kristian ontok toun 1897.[9][10] Nokopintutun yolo piipiro toun nokopogulu maso minampayat do kalas suamayau om miniuhang-uhang toruhai. Nga ontok nopo dii, au di Immerwahr tinorimo pomuhaboi di Haber tu manu po isido mimpori doid kousinan.[3]

Gama do pomusarahan momogun do tondu nopo di nakasawo nga id walai, poinrontob o komilaan disido popoindalan ponoriukan.[5][8] Manakadai isido kalaja sawo dau miampai kookunan minima, kaampai no papadalin piipiro kalatas ponoriukan kumaa boros Inggilis.[11] Ontok 1 Mahas 1902 minogosusu isido di Hermann Haber (1902–1946), iso no tanak asil pisasawaan diolo.[12]

Maya pibarasan dau miampai di Abegg, minomisunud i Immerwahr do topurimanan au obobos ginawo kumaa tonggungan dau di poinrontob om oumang-umangan:

Insaru oku poingigit prinsip do koposion nopo diti nga osudong soira momoguno o sosongulun do komilaan dau miampai poimponu om mongumbal oinsanan koinganan id koposion. Maya kounsuban dii, iso mantad sabab, do minaganu oku kootuson sumao ontok dii... Nga, oniba koposion i aanu ku mantad dau... om sabab oponsol nopo nga kowowoyoo did Fritz i mongumang-umang om popoiliu tinan dau id kinoyonon koiso id suang pisasawaan dahai, gisom do koulalaho di au songkuro otigas om dominan nopunso miagal dii.[6][13]

Insaru i Haber do au momusou do sawo om tanak dau, om mongidu diolo montok kotombuluyan kumaa fasiliti saintifik id Amerika Syarikat ontok di piipiro nogi tulan o tanak dau.[14] Soira hilo isio pogun, insaru isio magawi timpu makan dangadau om dongotuong nopo nga id koyonon kaja toi ko miampai koombolutan poingkaraja, om okon ko id walai.[5] Id suang iso suat ontok toun 1915 kumaa Setsuro Tamaru, songulun tambalut poingkalaja Jipun di Haber, minoposunud i Immerwahr do kokousan dau tu kumalaja o sawo dau "18 jam sangadau, insaru hilo Berlin (okon ko hilo Dahlem!)"[15]

Ontok Sangod Pomogunan I, nosiliu i Fritz Haber do mononokodung goos ketenteraan jerman om kitonggungan toponsol id suang koburuon senjata kimia, loolobi gas kirasun. Nokoinuntu o goos disio miampai panamangan disio kumaa kopomogunoon koiso senjata pomunso bobos agayo id suang sajara ketenteraan, i naantakan hilo Flanders, Belgium, ontok 22 Ngiop 1915. Immerwahr nopo kaka nga gumaga do ponoriukan do sawo dau, tu montok dau ii nopo nga "penyelewengan kumaa idealisme sains" om "tanda koguloton, mamaraag disiplin i kaanu daa mogowit korotian wagu kokomoi koposion."[16]  Nosiliu nogi isido daksi kapatayon tragis bagas tambalut dau poinsikul, Otto Sackur, i nokolubuk miampai au tinomod ontok do minumbal monoina kakodil klorida id makmal di Haber id suang goos ponoriukan senjata kimia.

Kinapatayon

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Lobong di Fritz om Clara Haber, Hörnli, poindoros Basel, Switzerland

Au alaid kalapas nokoguli i Haber mantad Belgium, minonimbak i Clara do tinan dau sondii id kangkab momoguno pistol soudor di Haber. Ontok 2 Mikat 1915, minidu pogun isido poinggapus do tanak kusai dau.[5][8] Kosuabon dii, miampai au minagandad do mogihad, minibok i Haber montok mogintong serangan gas koiso kumaa soudor Rusia id Eastern Front.[17][18]

Soboogian tagayo kapatayon di Clara au pinoruput. Onom tadau kalapas kinapatayon disido, suat abal kinoyonon Grunewald-Zeitung no i minonuat kokomoi kaantakan dii, minoporuput do "sawo nopo Dr H. hilo Dahlem, babaino id nimungan dumbangan, kinumiros miampai minonimbak tinan sondii. Au noilaan nunu sabab koimaan tondu olimutan diti."[19][20] Kaantakan kapatayon disido o au ogumu dokumentasi popoimbulai ogumu boros-boros om kontroversi kokomoi sabab kopio dau kinumiros. Spekulasi nopo di nokoimbulai nga gumaga isido kalaja di Haber id suang sangod kimia, om kumiros nopo nga reaksi dau kumaa kohompitan do sawo disido id kotoinaan potilombus kopomogunoon gas klorin di kumoinsan id suang Pisangadan koduo Ypres, i nokopogowit lobi 67,000 tulun nokolubuk.[5][8][21][22]

Tauh bopo di Clara nga pinawaliu mantad Dahlem kumaa Basel om linobong miampai tauh di Haber i noiduan ginawo ontok toun 1934.[5] Kalapas dii, minundaliu o tanak diolo, i Hermann Haber hilo Amerika Syarikat id nombo napatai nogi isio gama kuminiros ontok toun 1946.[13]

Id suang drama, fiksyen om ponuatan

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Nokoimbulai piipiro karya montok mongilo pionutan di Fritz om Clara. Filim oniba Haber, sinuat om sinuhu di Daniel Ragussis, mumbal do monorisid isu id suang pisasawaan diolo.[23] Nosiliu nogi o mikoruhang Habers do kono toponsol id suang novel A Reunion of Ghosts karya Judith Claire Mitchell, id nombo pinungaranan yolo sabaagi Lenz om Iris Alter.[24] Karya suai miagal do The Greater Good (2008), ponuhuan di Celia de Wolff om sinuat di Justin Hopper, monginruai di Clara sabaagi songulun i bobos nokopuriman bagas gama ponoriukan sawo dau kokomoi pisangadan gas.[25] Susuyan koposion diolo nga pinosolimbou nogi id siri televisyen Amerika ii no Genius.[minog do kisukuon] Ontok toun 2014, pinalabus o filim Clara Immerwahr [de] (ponuhuan di Harald Sicheritz). Nokomoi nogi miampai oniba i Clara om Fritz id suang buuk How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States sinuat di Daniel Immerwahr,[26] id suang konteks sajara tonggungan nitrogen id suang pomutanaman id Amerika.

Sukuon

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
  1. ↑ Carty, Ryan (2012). "Casualty of War". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 30 (2). Linoyog ontok 22 Gomot 2018.
  2. ↑ Germans rediscover First World War heroine in new TV drama The Telegraph, 29 May 2014
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Clara Immerwahr profile, jwa.org; accessed 27 April 2015.
  4. ↑ Freemantle, Michael (2014). The Chemists' War: 1914–1918. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 9781849739894. Linoyog ontok 27 Gumas 2015.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Creese, Mary R. S. Creese; Creese, Thomas M. (2004). Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European women in science, 1800 – 1900 : a survey of their contributions to research. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 143–145. ISBN 978-0810849792. Linoyog ontok 18 Ngiop 2017. Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah, nama "Creese" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cornwell, John (2003). Hitler's Scientists, Science, War and the Devil's Pact. Penguin Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-14-200480-7.
  7. ↑ Hoffmann, Frederick; Kremers, Edward (1901). Pharmaceutical Review, Volume 19. Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Company. p. 137. Linoyog ontok 27 Gumas 2015.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter (Gomot 2016). "Clara Haber, nee Immerwahr (1870–1915): Life, Work and Legacy". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 642 (6): 437–448. doi:10.1002/zaac.201600035. PMC 4825402. PMID 27099403. Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah, nama "Friedrich" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza
  9. ↑ King, Gilbert (6 Mahas 2012). "Fritz Haber's Experiments in Life and Death". Smithsonian.com.
  10. ↑ Stern, Fritz (2001). Einstein's German world (5. print., and 1. pbk. print. ed.). Princeton, NJ [u.a.]: Princeton Univ. Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780691074580. Linoyog ontok 27 Gumas 2015.
  11. ↑ Travis, Anthony S. (3 Madas 2015). The Synthetic Nitrogen Industry in World War I: Its Emergence and Expansion. Springer. p. 49. ISBN 978-3319193564. Linoyog ontok 18 Ngiop 2017.
  12. ↑ Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (2004). Fritz Haber : chemist, nobel laureate, german, jew. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 50. ISBN 978-0941901246.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (1998). Fritz Haber: Chemiker, Nobelpreisträger, Deutscher, Jude: eine Biographie. Weinheim.
  14. ↑ Meschel, Susan V. (Gomot 2012). "A Modern Dilemma for Chemistry and Civic Responsibility: The Tragic Life of Clara Immerwahr". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 638 (3–4): 603–609. doi:10.1002/zaac.201100409. ISSN 0044-2313.
  15. ↑ Oyama, Hideko Tamaru (2 Mansak 2015). "Setsuro Tamaru and Fritz Haber: Links between Japan and Germany in Science and Technology". The Chemical Record. 15 (2): 535–549. doi:10.1002/tcr.201402086. ISSN 1527-8999. PMID 25645002.
  16. ↑ Dick, Jutta. "Clara Immerwahr". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. Linoyog ontok 8 Mahas 2018.
  17. ↑ Cornwell, John (2003). Hitler's Scientists, Science, War and the Devil's Pact. Penguin Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-14-200480-7.
  18. ↑ Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (1998). Fritz Haber: Chemiker, Nobelpreisträger, Deutscher, Jude: eine Biographie. Weinheim. p. 356.
  19. ↑ "Clara Immerwahr, verh. Haber". FemBio. Linoyog ontok 12 Gumas 2015.
  20. ↑ Dick, Jutta (1 Gomot 2009). "Clara Immerwahr". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia (Online ed.). Jewish Women's Archive. Linoyog ontok 12 Gumas 2015.
  21. ↑ Albarelli, H.P. (2009). A terrible mistake : the murder of Frank Olson, and the CIA's secret cold war experiments (1st ed.). Walterville, OR: Trine Day. ISBN 978-0-9777953-7-6. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  22. ↑ Hobbes, Nicholas (2003). Essential Militaria. Atlantic Books; ISBN 978-1-84354-229-2.
  23. ↑ Meyer, Michal (Spring 2010). "Feeding a War (Interview with Daniel Ragussis)". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 28 (1): 40–41. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 1 Mahas 2019. Linoyog ontok 20 Gomot 2018.
  24. ↑ Benjamin, Chloe (30 Gomot 2015). "The Project is Nothing, The Process is Everything: An Interview with Judith Claire Mitchell". Fiction Writers Review. Linoyog ontok 18 Ngiop 2017.
  25. ↑ "The Greater Good". Justin Hopper – Writer and Script Consultant. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 19 Ngiop 2017. Linoyog ontok 18 Ngiop 2017.
  26. ↑ Immerwahr, Daniel (2019). How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States. Farrar, Straus and Giroux; First edition. pp. 56–58. ISBN 978-0374172145.

Noputan labus

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clara Immerwahr.
Naanu mantad "https://dtp.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clara_Immerwahr&oldid=20202"