Kazakhstan

Republic of Kazakhstan
Қазақстан Республикасы (Kazakh)
*Qazaqstan Respublikasy*
Республика Казахстан (Russian)
*Respublika Kazakhstan*
Republic of Kazakhstan Қазақстан Республикасы (Kazakh); Qazaqstan Respublikasy; Республика Казахстан (Russian); Respublika Kazakhstan;
	Flag Emblem
	Anthem: ; Менің Қазақстаным (Kazakh); Menıñ Qazaqstanym; "My Kazakhstan"
Capital	Astana; 51°10′N 71°26′E / 51.167°N 71.433°E
Largest city	Almaty; 43°16′39″N 76°53′45″E / 43.27750°N 76.89583°E
Boros rasmi	Kazakh; Russian;
Tinimungan etnik (2024)	71.0% Kazakh; 15.1% Russian; 3.3% Uzbek; 1.9% Ukrainian; 1.6% Uyghur; 1.1% German; 1% Tatar; 4.9% Others;
Ugama (2021)	69.3% Islam; 17.2% Christianity; 11.0% No response; 2.3% Atheism; 0.2% Others;
Demonim	Kazakh; Kazakhstani
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic under an authoritarian government
• President	Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
• Prime Minister	Oljas Bektenov
Kotinanan perundangan	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Majilis
Formation
• Kazakh Khanate	1465
• Alash Autonomy	13 December 1917
• Kirghiz ASSR	26 August 1920
• Kazakh ASSR	19 June 1925
• Kazakh SSR	5 December 1936
• Declaration of sovereignty	25 October 1990
• Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan	10 December 1991
• Independence from the USSR	16 December 1991
• Recognised	26 December 1991
• Current constitution	30 August 1995
Area
• Total	2,724,900 km2 (1,052,100 sq mi) (9th)
• Waig (%)	1.7
Population
• 2024 estimate	20,075,271 (62nd)
• Density	7/km2 (18.1/sq mi) (236th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$693.415 billion (41st)
• Per kapita	$34,534 (56th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Ginumu	$296.740 billion (49th)
• Per kapita	$14,778 (64th)
Gini (2018)	27.8; low
HDI (2022)	0.802; very high · 67th
Mato tusin	Tenge (₸) (KZT)
Zon timpu	UTC+5 (West / East)
Driving side	right
Kod ISO 3166	KZ
Internet TLD	.kz; .қаз;

Kazakhstan (Boros Kazakh : Qazaqstan, juga dalam tulisan Arab: قازاقستان‎ disebut [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] ; Rusia: Казахстан, tr. Kazakhstan, IPA: [kəzɐxˈstan]) toi ko' ngaran di poimbantug nopo nga Republik Kazakhstan (Bahasa Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы, tr. Qazaqstan Respublikasy; Rusia: Республика Казахстан, tr. Respublika Kazakhstan) nopo nga pogun aiso rahat di agayo, om pogun ko siam ii aagayo id pogun miampai ginayo 2,724,900 kilometer persegi (1,052,100 bt²). Kazakhstan nopo nga pogun di haro ekonomi tagayo id Asia Tenggara ii kaanu do 60% KDNK pogun di lolobi maya industri miyak om gas suai ko ogumu koonuan do mineral. Haro koboros do Kazakhstan sabaagi pogun Eropah tu kinoiyonon kotonobon Kazakhstan nopo nga id benua Eropah om nokogonop do kooturan Majli Eropah montok sumuang id Eropah.

Etimologi

Boros Inggilis Kazakh, nopo nga kirati do sorupu mantad tongoulun do Kazakh, i naanu mantad boros Russia: казах.^[12] Ngaran sandad nopo nga қазақ, qazaq. Naanu kanto mantad do boros maan Turki qaz-, i kirati 'mansau', popokito koubasan nomad tongoulun do Kazakh.^[13] IstilaCossack nogi nga mantad dilo.^[14]

Id toud Turko-Persia nokoimbulai o istila Özbek-Qazaq ontok pintangaan abad ko-16 id Tarikh-i-Rashidi mantad di Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, songulun randari Chagatayid mantad Kashmir, i popoiliu Kazakh id boogian kosilahon Desht-i Qipchaq.^[15] Tumanud di Vasily Bartold, tinumimpuun kanto tongoulun Kazakh do momoguno ngaran dilo ontok abad ko-15.^[16]

Sundung pia sumuku maya tradisional o istila Kazakh kumaa tinaru Kazakh, kohompit no i poingiuon id Cina, Rusia, Turki, Uzbekistan om sombol pogun suai, asaru gunoon o istila diti montok sumuku kumaa isai-isai nopo mion id Kazakhstan, kohompit no mogiigion mantad tinaru suai.^[17] Id boros Kazakh, lohoon o pogun diti do Qazaqstan id skrip Latin.^[18]

Sajara

Noi'on o Kazakhstan mantad di timpu Paleolitik po.^[19] Koubasanan Botai (3700–3100 BC) nopo nga noonuan do kredit sabaagi kumoiso di koilo papalaya do kuda. Populasi Botai nopo nga nakaanu soboogian tagayo do sakag diolo mantad populasi di kipionitan miampai Eropah purba, i oilaan sabaagi Tulun Eurasia Koibutan Purba, daamot popokito tokuri piroloton genetik miampaiTulun Asia Kosilahon Purba.^[20] Pastoralism nopo nga nokoburu ontok timpu Neolitik. Populasi maso Timpu Luyan om Timpu Basi nopo nga kiula' Kaukasoid.^[21]^[22]

Wilayah Kazakhstan nopo nga komponen tohontol id Rangkaian Perdagangan Steppe Route, tungkus kumaa Silk Roads. Kikotumbayaan o sorupu arekologi do tinumimpuun o tongoulun papalaya do kuda id kinoyonon gana kisakot di oliwas id rantau diti. Maamaso timpu prasajara, noi'on o Asia Tanga do tinaru miagal ko'koubasanan Afanasievo, i kisakag Indo-Eropah kanto^[23] om tinilombusan do koubasanan Indo-Iran pogulu miagal ko' Andronovo,^[24] om koubasanan kaagu do Indo-Iran miagal ko' Saka om Massagetae.^[25]^[26] Tinaru suai poinghompit no tinaru Scythians om Empayar Achaemenid Parsi id wilayah kabaatan pogun moden diti. Koubasanan Andronovo om Srubnaya, i minopogulu kumaa tinaru Scythian, nopo nga noilaan do haro sakag mantad penggembala Steppe Yamnaya om tongoulun Neolitik Tanga Eropa Tanga.^[27]

Ontok toun 329 BC, Alexander the Great om tantara Macedonian nopo nga minisangod id Pisangadan Jaxartes sumangod do tinaru Scythian id Baang Jaxartes, di baino nopo nga ointutunan sabaagi Syr Darya id gontob kabaatan Kazakhstan moden.

Intangai nogi

Nuut

↑ "Kazakhstani" refers to all citizens of Kazakhstan, regardless of ethnicity.^[5]

Sukuon

↑ "Б-18-07-Г (англ) Т4". stat.gov.kz.
↑ Kazakhstan population by ethnic groups
↑ "2021 жылғы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының ұлттық санағының қорытындылары" [Results of the 2021 Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (id boros Kazakh). Agency of Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bureau of Statistics. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2 Manom 2022. Linoyog ontok 19 Manom 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ Viktorova, Polina (30 Milau 2022). "How the Number of Believers Changed in Kazakhstan". CABAR.asia. The Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 3 Gumas 2023. Linoyog ontok 11 Gomot 2023.
↑ Schneider, Johann F.; Larsen, Knud S.; Krumov, Krum; Vazow, Grigorii (2013). [[[:Templat:GBurl]] Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior] (id boros Inggilis). Kassel university press GmbH. p. 164. ISBN 978-3-86219-454-4. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 27 Mansak 2018. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
↑ "Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine". Democracy Index 2022. The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2023. p. 50. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 10 Mansak 2022. Linoyog ontok 21 Gumas 2023.
↑ "Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan". Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 25 Mansak 2024. Linoyog ontok 18 Ngiop 2024.
↑ "Kazakhstan's population hits the mark of 20 mln" (id boros Inggilis). inform.kz. 16 Milau 2023. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 17 Milau 2023. Linoyog ontok 17 Milau 2023.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Kazakhstan)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 Ngiop 2024. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 17 Ngiop 2024. Linoyog ontok 17 Ngiop 2024.
↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 18 Mikat 2020. Linoyog ontok 25 Momuhau 2022.
↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF) (id boros Inggilis). United Nations Development Programme. 13 Gomot 2024. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 13 Gomot 2024. Linoyog ontok 13 Gomot 2024.
↑ Templat:Cite OED
↑ "Cossack (n.)". The Online Etymology Dictionary. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Gumas 2015.
↑ "Cossack (n.)". The Online Etymology Dictionary. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Gumas 2015.
↑ Kenzheakhmet Nurlan (2013). The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources. p. 133.
↑ Barthold, V. V. (1962). Four Studies on the History of Central Asia. Vol. &thinsp, 3. Translated by V. & T. Minorsky. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 129.
↑ Surucu, Cengiz (2002). "Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan". Central Asian Survey. 21 (4): 385–402. doi:10.1080/0263493032000053208. ISSN 0263-4937. S2CID 145155985.
↑ "Kazakhstan to Qazaqstan: Why would a country switch its alphabet?". BBC News. 31 Gumas 2017.
↑ Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko (1 Milatok 1978). Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia (id boros Inggilis). Walter de Gruyter. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-11-081003-5. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 17 Ngiop 2021. Linoyog ontok 14 Milau 2020.
↑ Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan (Mahas 2019). "The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 966–976. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..966J. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 6542712. PMID 31036896.
↑ Ismagulov, O; et al. (2010). "Physical Anthropology of Kazakh People and their Genesis". Science of Central Asia. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 10 Mansak 2017. Linoyog ontok 5 Milau 2022.
↑ Gibbons, Ann (10 Mahas 2015). "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians". Science. AAAS. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Manom 2022. Linoyog ontok 5 Milau 2022.
↑ According to Allentoft et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015),
↑ Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 Gomot 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4008-2994-1:
↑ Beckwith 2009, p. 68 "Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin"
↑ Dandamayev, M. A. (1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In Harmatta, János (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250. UNESCO. p. 37. ISBN 9231028464.
↑ Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 365 (6457): eaat7487. bioRxiv 10.1101/292581. doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. PMC 6822619. PMID 31488661.

Pambasaan Sumusuhut

Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999). Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30965-5.
Cameron, Sarah. (2018) The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan (Cornell University Press, 2018) online review Archived 10 Ngiop 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael & Mayhew, Bradley (2004). Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-86450-296-7.
Cummings, Sally (2002). Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite. London: Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-854-1.
Demko, George (1997). The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-0380-2.
Fergus, Michael & Jandosova, Janar (2003). Kazakhstan: Coming of Age. London: Stacey International. ISBN 1-900988-61-5.
George, Alexandra (2001). Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime. Lanham: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-1964-9.
Martin, Virginia (2000). Law and Custom in the Steppe. Richmond: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1405-7.
Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR (1990) excerpt Archived 16 Gomot 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Nazarbayev, Nursultan (2001). Epicenter of Peace. Hollis, NH: Puritan Press. ISBN 1-884186-13-0.
Nazpary, Joma (2002). Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1503-8.
Olcott, Martha Brill (2002). Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-87003-189-9.
Rall, Ted (2006). Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?. New York: NBM. ISBN 1-56163-454-9.
Rashid, Ahmed. The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism? (2017)
Robbins, Christopher (2007). In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-86197-868-4.
Rosten, Keith (2005). Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges. New York: iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-32782-6.
Smith, Graham, ed. The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union (2nd ed. 1995)
Thubron, Colin (1994). The Lost Heart of Asia. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018226-1.

Noputan Labus

Caspian Pipeline Controversy from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Country Profile Archived 1 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine from BBC News.
Kazakhstan Archived 9 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Kazakhstan Archived 4 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine information from the United States Department of State
Portals to the World from the United States Library of Congress.
Kazakhstan at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia Archived 22 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, 17 December 2011 Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
"Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, 20 December 2011 Archived 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine
The Region Initiative (TRI)
Wikimedia Atlas of Kazakhstan
Geographic data related to Kazakhstan at OpenStreetMap
Country Facts Archived 1 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine from Kazakhstan Discovery Archived 8 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan Archived 30 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine from International Futures.

[6] "Kazakhstani" refers to all citizens of Kazakhstan, regardless of ethnicity.^[5]

[1] "Б-18-07-Г (англ) Т4". stat.gov.kz.

[2] Kazakhstan population by ethnic groups

[2021EthnicStatistics-3] "2021 жылғы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының ұлттық санағының қорытындылары" [Results of the 2021 Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (id boros Kazakh). Agency of Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bureau of Statistics. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2 Manom 2022. Linoyog ontok 19 Manom 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[Viktorova-4] Viktorova, Polina (30 Milau 2022). "How the Number of Believers Changed in Kazakhstan". CABAR.asia. The Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 3 Gumas 2023. Linoyog ontok 11 Gomot 2023.

[5] Schneider, Johann F.; Larsen, Knud S.; Krumov, Krum; Vazow, Grigorii (2013). [[[:Templat:GBurl]] Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior] (id boros Inggilis). Kassel university press GmbH. p. 164. ISBN 978-3-86219-454-4. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 27 Mansak 2018. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)

[7] "Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine". Democracy Index 2022. The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2023. p. 50. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 10 Mansak 2022. Linoyog ontok 21 Gumas 2023.

[8] "Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan". Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 25 Mansak 2024. Linoyog ontok 18 Ngiop 2024.

[9] "Kazakhstan's population hits the mark of 20 mln" (id boros Inggilis). inform.kz. 16 Milau 2023. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 17 Milau 2023. Linoyog ontok 17 Milau 2023.

[IMFWEO.KZ-10] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Kazakhstan)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 Ngiop 2024. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 17 Ngiop 2024. Linoyog ontok 17 Ngiop 2024.

[WB1-11] "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 18 Mikat 2020. Linoyog ontok 25 Momuhau 2022.

[UNHDR-12] "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF) (id boros Inggilis). United Nations Development Programme. 13 Gomot 2024. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 13 Gomot 2024. Linoyog ontok 13 Gomot 2024.

[13] Templat:Cite OED

[etym2-14] "Cossack (n.)". The Online Etymology Dictionary. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Gumas 2015.

[etym-15] "Cossack (n.)". The Online Etymology Dictionary. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Gumas 2015.

[16] Kenzheakhmet Nurlan (2013). The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources. p. 133.

[17] Barthold, V. V. (1962). Four Studies on the History of Central Asia. Vol. &thinsp, 3. Translated by V. & T. Minorsky. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 129.

[18] Surucu, Cengiz (2002). "Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan". Central Asian Survey. 21 (4): 385–402. doi:10.1080/0263493032000053208. ISSN 0263-4937. S2CID 145155985.

[19] "Kazakhstan to Qazaqstan: Why would a country switch its alphabet?". BBC News. 31 Gumas 2017.

[20] Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko (1 Milatok 1978). Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia (id boros Inggilis). Walter de Gruyter. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-11-081003-5. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 17 Ngiop 2021. Linoyog ontok 14 Milau 2020.

[21] Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan (Mahas 2019). "The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 966–976. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..966J. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 6542712. PMID 31036896.

[22] Ismagulov, O; et al. (2010). "Physical Anthropology of Kazakh People and their Genesis". Science of Central Asia. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 10 Mansak 2017. Linoyog ontok 5 Milau 2022.

[23] Gibbons, Ann (10 Mahas 2015). "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians". Science. AAAS. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Manom 2022. Linoyog ontok 5 Milau 2022.

[24] According to Allentoft et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015),

[Beckwith49-25] Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 Gomot 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4008-2994-1:

[B_682-26] Beckwith 2009, p. 68 "Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin"

[D_37-27] Dandamayev, M. A. (1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In Harmatta, János (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250. UNESCO. p. 37. ISBN 9231028464.

[28] Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 365 (6457): eaat7487. bioRxiv 10.1101/292581. doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. PMC 6822619. PMID 31488661.

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