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Lontugi

Mantad Wikipedia
For other uses, see Lontugi (disambiguation).

Lontugi
Temporal range: 428–0 Ma Late Silurian to Present
An assortment of millipedes (not to scale)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Blainville in Gervais, 1844 
Subclasses
Diversity
16 orders, c. 12,000 species

Ngaran Lontugi (Inggilis: Millipedes) nopo nga naanu mantad boros Latin mille ("ribu") om pes (gakod),[1][2] nopo nga tayam mantad tinimungan artropod i poinsuang id kalas Diplopoda - ngaran diti sumuku kumaa ula toponsol dilo: duo pasang gakod montok setiap segmen do tinan. Ula poimbida diti nosili tu piomungan duo segmen tinan kumaa iso. Sundung do ngaran dau nopo nga popokito do koulalaahon soribu gakod, kogumuan spesies nopo nga amu korikot do ginumu dilo; om, aiso spesies di noilaan i kiharo lobi ko' 1000 gakod gisom kinoihuman do Eumillipes persephone ontok toun 2020, i kiharo lobi ko' 1,300 gakod.[3] Koubasanan nopo haro tinan do lontugi di anaru, kibontuk silinder toi ko' alabi om lobi ko 20 segmen. Mulong do yodii, haro nogi spesies miagal do' lontugi pil i kitinan toniba om milo mimbulugu miagal buul sabaagi mekanisme manalob. Haro kira-kira 12, 000 spesies lontugi i noonuan do ngaran, noklasifikasi kumaa 16 orders om kira-kira 140 famili, i poposili Diplopoda sabaagi kalas tagayo id tinimungan miriapod-ii nopo nga tinimungan artropod di kahangkum tangkalamai om makhluk kigakod ogumu do suai.

Kogumuan lontugi nga olokot gumura om detrivitor, ii nopo nga tayam di mangakan roun noromuk om kakamot suai do kosunion nangapatai. Sundung do ingkaa, haro nogi i mangakan do kulat toi ko' monosop cecair mantad suni-sunion. Maya koizaai, amu koligogon iti kumaa tongoulun, nga haro ii milo sumili mamaraag id walai toi ko' dumo. Katangkangau iti loolobi po soira id walai totomou, id hombo kipotensi yolo montok mamaraag do bibit i sumuni nogi. Kogumau lontugi nopo nga mongumolig sondiri miampai poposolian bahan kimia maya liwang-liwang tokoro id tinan, nga spesies tokoro miagal do lontugi berbeus nopo nga nosorilian do borus aalus i milo oidu. Mekanisme mongumolig toponsol nopo do lontugi nga momobulugu do tinan gisom apatat, montok mongumolig gakod om boogian suai di oponsol id tolikud rangka solian di okodou. Pembiakan montok kogumuan spesies nopo nga wonsoyon do gakod jantan di nosimban, noilaan sabaagi gonopod, i gunoon montok popoundaliu paket sperma kumaa betina.

Etimologi om ngaran

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Istila "millipede" gunoon maya oliwas id kosusasteraan popular om saintifik, nga id pialatan saintis Amerika Koibutan, isitla "miliped" (aiso pimato e i dompok) nogi nga gunoon.[4] Ngaran vernakular suai kohompit no "thousand-legger" toi ko' lobi otigas "diplopod".[5] Toilaan di monoriuk biologi om taksonomi lontugi ointutunan sabaagi diplopodologi: ponoriukan kokomoi diplopod.[6]

Klasifikasi

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Diversity
Anggaran kopogisuaian relatif montok ordo lontugi di kakal haro , tumimpuun mantad kira-kira 3,500 spesies montok Polydesmida gisom 2 no spesies montok Siphoniulida[7]

Kira-kira 12,000 spesies lontugispesies i noilaan om pinointalang. Anggaran ginumu kopio do spesies id pogun diti nopo nga 15,000 [8] gisom 80,000.[9] Haro okuri no spesies lontugi di nakarayad maya oliwas; haro kabaalon karayadon diolo di oluhi, tu gura tindal om habitat diolo di asagub. Paktor-paktor diti pinopounsub do pitongkiadan genetik om speciation di osiau, om papaasil ogumu tinimungan sakad miampai taburan geografi di poinhad.[10]


Sorupu Diplopoda di kakal poimpasi nopo nga abaagi kumaa onom no hopod ordo id duo subkalas.[11] Subkalas bobos impohon, Penicillata nopo nga haro iso ordo, Polyxenida (lontugi kiborus).[12] Toinsanan lontugi suai poinsuang is subkalas Chilognatha id hombo haro duo infrakalas: Pentazonia, i kahangkum lontugi kitinan toniba miagal pil, om Helminthomorpha (lontugi miagal tonggiluang), i kahangkum boogian tagayo do spesies noilaan.[13][14]

Sukuon

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  1. ↑ "Millipede | Etymology of millipede by etymonline".
  2. ↑ "Millipede".
  3. ↑ Marek, Paul E.; Buzatto, Bruno A.; Shear, William A.; Means, Jackson C.; Black, Dennis G.; Harvey, Mark S.; Rodriguez, Juanita (2021). "The first true millipede—1306 legs long". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 23126. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1123126M. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02447-0. PMC 8677783. PMID 34916527.
  4. ↑ Hoffman, Richard L. (1990). "Diplopoda". In Dindal, Daniel L. (ed.). Soil Biology Guide. John Wiley & Sons. p. 835. ISBN 978-0-471-04551-9. Hoffman, Richard L. (2000). "Milliped or Millipede?" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Myriapod Group. 16: 36–37. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 2015-02-21. Linoyog ontok 2015-02-21.
  5. ↑ Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 711–717. ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Cockburn, Harry (2021-12-21). "Millipedes 'as big as cars' once roamed Northern England, fossil discovery reveals". The Independent (id boros Inggilis). Linoyog ontok 2022-03-12.
  7. ↑ Shear, W. (2011). "Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 159–164. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 2019-07-25. Linoyog ontok 2013-10-14.
  8. ↑ Brewer, Michael S.; Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. (2012). "Millipede taxonomy after 250 years: Classification and taxonomic practices in a mega-diverse yet understudied arthropod group". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e37240. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...737240B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037240. PMC 3352885. PMID 22615951.
  9. ↑ Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. (2007). "Current status of the myriapod class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic diversity and phylogeny". Annual Review of Entomology. 52 (1): 401–420. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210. PMID 17163800.
  10. ↑ Barker, G.M. (2004). Natural Enemies of Terrestrial Molluscs. CABI. pp. 405–406. ISBN 978-0-85199-061-3.
  11. ↑ Shear, W. (2011). "Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 159–164. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 2019-07-25. Linoyog ontok 2013-10-14.
  12. ↑ "Bristle Millipedes (Subclass Penicillata)". iNaturalist (id boros Inggilis). Linoyog ontok 2023-03-07.
  13. ↑ Bueno-Villegas, Julián; Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. "Diplopoda" (PDF). In Bousquets, J. L.; Morrone, J. J. (eds.). Biodiversidad, taxonomia y biogeografia de artropodos de Mexico. pp. 569–599. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 2016-12-20. Linoyog ontok 2016-12-18.
  14. ↑ Shelley, Rowland M. "Millipedes". University of Tennessee: Entomology and Plant Pathology. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 16 August 2016. Linoyog ontok 17 July 2016.

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