Manuk

Manuk
	Tandaha (gibang) om golupo (wanan)
Conservation status
	Domesticated
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Galliformes
Family:	Phasianidae
Genus:	Gallus
Species:	G. gallus
Binomial name
	Gallus gallus; (Carl Linnaeus, 1758)

Manuk (Ngaran kawo Linnaeus: Gallus gallus domesticus) nopo nga' iso dupot om saausontok (subspecies) do manuk talun taragang. Manuk nopo nga' iso mantad ogumu dupot nalaya pointongkop id riniba' soginumu lobi 19 bilion tinan di toun 2011.^[1] Manuk nopo piniara di tulun ponokotadon taakanon don tonsi' kaampai nogi do tontolu. Kosoruan, kotulud pia manuk om osomok nopo, om odomon om opiara o manuk.

Potudukon di ponoriukan papayat (genetic) kumaa ogumu tadon do sakag dau id Kabaaton Asia, Silaubaat, om Kosilahon,^[2] noruba nogi sanggamut (clade) dau id wanuo Mirika, Yurup, Tanga Silau om Apirika pointudan id Wanuokoro India. It kawo manuk odomon nooit mantad India kumaa Lidia id tonob do Asiakoro (Asia Minor), om kumaa Girik sumuang tatus kolimo Pogulu Tontok Puu (Before Common Era, BCE).^[3]^[4] It manuk notutunan id Kimit tantad tatus ko-15 Pogulu Tontok Puu, roitan do "tombolog tadau tadau maganak", om nooit mantad katanaan sorili, id Siria, Shinar, om Babylon ka di Susuyan di Thutmose III.^[5]^[6]^[7] Okuri kopio pisimbanan do poninan (genome) do manuk mikuo oduaki dau, it sawongraat kihulu (feathered dinosaur) i nounus tu' Kinounusan Kiritas-Ulailaid (Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event).^[8]

Sukuon

↑ UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation reported in the Economist: [1].
↑ Xiang, H.; Gao, J.; Zhou, H.; Cai, D.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, X. (2014). "Early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (49): 17564–17569. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411882111. {{cite journal}}: |first3= missing |last3= (help); Unknown parameter |laast3= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
↑ Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009). "11: The History of Poultry". The History of Food. Translated by Bell, Anthea (dikemas ed.). Blackwell. p. 306. ISBN 978-0631177418.
↑ Perry-Gal, Lee; Erlich, Adi; Gilboa, Ayelet; Bar-Oz, Guy (11 August 2015). "Earliest economic exploitation of chicken outside East Asia: Evidence from the Hellenistic Southern Levant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (32): 9849–9854. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.9849P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504236112. PMC 4538678. PMID 26195775.
↑ Carter, Howard (April 1923). "An Ostracon Depicting a Red Jungle-Fowl (The Earliest Known Drawing of the Domestic Cock)". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 9 (1/2): 1–4..
↑ Pritchard, "The Asiatic Campaigns of Thutmose III" Ancient Near East Texts related to the Old Testament, p240.
↑ Roehrig, Catharine H.; Dreyfus, Renée; Keller, Cathleen A. (2005). Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-58839-173-5.
↑ Herrema, Martin (12 Disember 2014). "Chickens 'closer to dinosaurs' than other birds". Universiti Kent. Linoyog ontok 20 Jun 2016.

[1] UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation reported in the Economist: [1].

[Xiang-2] Xiang, H.; Gao, J.; Zhou, H.; Cai, D.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, X. (2014). "Early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (49): 17564–17569. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411882111. {{cite journal}}: |first3= missing |last3= (help); Unknown parameter |laast3= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

[3] Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009). "11: The History of Poultry". The History of Food. Translated by Bell, Anthea (dikemas ed.). Blackwell. p. 306. ISBN 978-0631177418.

[4] Perry-Gal, Lee; Erlich, Adi; Gilboa, Ayelet; Bar-Oz, Guy (11 August 2015). "Earliest economic exploitation of chicken outside East Asia: Evidence from the Hellenistic Southern Levant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (32): 9849–9854. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.9849P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504236112. PMC 4538678. PMID 26195775.

[5] Carter, Howard (April 1923). "An Ostracon Depicting a Red Jungle-Fowl (The Earliest Known Drawing of the Domestic Cock)". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 9 (1/2): 1–4..

[6] Pritchard, "The Asiatic Campaigns of Thutmose III" Ancient Near East Texts related to the Old Testament, p240.

[RoehrigDreyfus2005-7] Roehrig, Catharine H.; Dreyfus, Renée; Keller, Cathleen A. (2005). Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-58839-173-5.

[8] Herrema, Martin (12 Disember 2014). "Chickens 'closer to dinosaurs' than other birds". Universiti Kent. Linoyog ontok 20 Jun 2016.

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