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Tasu

Simbanai noputan
Mantad Wikipedia

Tasu (Canis familiaris toi ko' Canis lupus familiaris) nopo nga pusakag domestik mantad paragasu obuhog. Nointutunan nogi sabaagi tasu domestik, di naanu do tinimungan magagasu mantad piipiro kawo paragasu di mumbal no opunso ontok timpu Kolimpupuson Pleistocene. Tasu nopo nga spesies di kumoiso di silihon tayam domestik montok tulun, lobi 14,000 toun di gulu om pogulu kotimpuun koingkawason agrikultur. Sabab do piromutan di alaid miampai tulun, nakaanu tasu komilaan do masi miampai diet di ogumu kanji, di amu kosudong kumaa spesieskanids suai.


Pinosakag do tasu montok manganu kowowoyoon, kabaalan deria om woyo kotinanan di onuon. Mogisusuai do Kawo tasu tumanud bontuk, ginayo om wotik. Sundung po ingkaa, mogiagal ngawi ginumu do tulang (amu kaamung boogian tikiu), roo di agaras miampai 42 nipon, om komilaan moningud, mokinongou om pogintangan di lobi osonong. Amu miagal miampai tulun, deria kosingudan om mokinoongou tasu lobi onimot nga kotoromon pogintangan di oluhoi. Ogumu tonggungan tasu id koposion tulun, miagal do magasu, manamong tayam gompion, mamagayat kakamot, manamong koligaganan, mangambalut, terapi, monguguhup tulun di kinuruan poimbidaa, om monguhup pulis om nogi askar.

Piromutan do tasu kohompit no gura mato, woyo turos, tuni om gura tinan, miampai komunikasi gustatori (tawau, feromon om roso). Mananda yolo do kinoyonon diolo miampai momoguno sobu, loolobi po soira sumuang id isoiso kinoyonon wagu. Solinaid piipiro ribu toun, noubas no tasu miampai kowowoyoon tulun : pongubasan diti kohompit no kokompi komilaan mamarati om miromut miampai tulun. Mantad dii, piromutan tulun om tasu kosiliu iso uhu ponoriukan di asaru wonsoyon, miampai rahung tasu kumaa ginimuan tulun di manahak tasu ngaran sabaagi "tambalut tulun di bobos tosonong".


Ginumu do tasu id pomogunan diti nopo 700 riong gisom 1 bilion, pointongkop id posorili pomogunan. Kosiliu nogi tasu sabaagi tayam gompion id United States, hinonggo 34 - 40 % walai hilo momogompi tasu sabaagi tayam gompion. 20% mantad ginumu tasu id pomogunan nopo nga mantad pogun di nokoburu, om kiikiro 75% ginumu tasu nopo nga mantad pogun di moingkawas, loolobi po id kawo tasu tolias om tasu id komuniti.Templat:CladogramTasu nopo nga mantad puru paganakan Canidae. Nokosuang yolo sabaagi subspesies do Canis lupus, miampai paragasu om dingo.[1][2] Kosiliu sabaagi tayam domestik do tinimungan magagasu di naanu mantad paragasu ontok 14,000 toun pogulu, koingkawason agrikultur.[3][4] Tasu Bonn–Oberkassel, di nolobong miampai tulun ontok 14,000 om 15,000 toun di pogulu, nopo nga ahal di kumoiso id okito montok hinta tasu nokosiliu sabaagi tayam gompion do tulun.[5][6]Genetik popokito do nokotongkiad do tasu miampai paragasu ontok 27,000 gisom 40,000 toun di pogulu.[7] Dingo om tasu monondig New Guinea New Guinea singing dog di mionit do aasil potingkiadan geographic isolation om kosilihon kawagu tasu id Oceania lobi 8,000 toun nakatalib.[8][9]

Tasu, paragasu om dingo somonu kosuang id mogisusuai kawo.[10] Id toun 1785, puru abaala botani om zoologi mantad Swedish i Carl Linnaeus manahak ngaran genus do Canis (mantad boros Latin di kirati do "tasu")[11] kumaa tasu domestik, paragasu, om paragasu amas id suang buuk dau, Systema Naturae. Poposuang yau tasu gompion sabaagi Canis familiaris om, id bolikan sumusuhut, poposuang paragasu obuhog sabaagi Canis lupus. Tumanud di Linnaeus tasu nopo nga mantad spesies di misuai mantad paragasu tu tikiu di lumingkong id sawat (cauda recurvata id suang boros Latin), ahal diti amu okito id canid suai. Suang edisi 2005 kokomoi kawo mamalia suang pomogunan , mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft poposuang paragasu sabaagi subspesies tolias montok Canis lupus om duo subspesies ruhangan : familiaris, miagal di pinonguranan di Linnaeus ontok 1758, om dingo, di pinongurananan di Meyer ontok 1793. Posuangon nogi i Wozencraft do hallstromi (tasu monondig New Guinesthe New Guinea) sabaagi ngaran suai (junior synonym) montok dingo. Pitimungan wagu diti narahung mantad ponoriukan DNA mitokondira di nowonsoi ontok toun 1999.

Domestikasi

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Paragasu (gibang) di noontok domestikasi mantad tulun montok sumiliu tasu (wanan).

Kowoowoyoon

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Aasil kowoowoyoon tasu mantad piromutan miampai tulun ontok piipiro toun pogulu. Naanu tasu kabaalan montok mamarati om mirommut miampai tulun suai miampai onimot mogintong kowoowoyoon tulun. Poposogu puru abaal sains kowoowoyoon do tinimungan kabaalan sosial-kognitif di naanu do tasu gompion - aiso id kawo kanin suai toi ko' mamalia suai di lobi abaal miagal di kara agayo, di haro kabaalan miagal kabaalan sosial-kognitif do tangaanak. Ginumu neuron id korteks serebrum do tasu lobi ogumu mantad do tungau, ahal diti poposogu do tasu lobi abaal mantad do tungau.[12]

Kogumuan tayam di gompion kitudu montok kapaasil kakamot. Sundung po ingkaa, gompion do tasu montok manganu kowoowoyoon montok papaasil woyo di onuon do tulun di momogompi.[13][14] Ontok toun 2016, aasil iso ponoriukan naanu do 11 gen popokito kopisuaian paragasu om tasu.[15] Kopisuaian gen diti popokito do aasil pomilian winosoi-wonsoi om kapaasil nogi pisuayan suang kowoowoyoon om woyo anatomi. Gen-gen diti kosiliu hinta di mamarahung wayaan sintesis katekolamine, miampai kogumuan gen di mamarahung tisuli sumaap toi ko' mogidu[14][16] (iri no tu pomilian sumiliu alaya) om kaanu mamarati topurimanan.[14] ,Nung piagalan do paragasu, kowoowoyoon tasu amu orongit, mulong po piipiro gen orongit kakal haro id piipiro kawo tasu.[17]

[18] Woyo komilaan miromut di akawas om okuri topurimanan orosian popohompit do kosimbanan genetik mionit do sindrom Williams-Beuren di aasil nogi id koposion tulun, di papasabab do hipersosiabiliti om popoluhoi kabaalan monoguang kobolingkahangan.[19] Suang ponoriukan di pinoindalan ontok toun 2023 montok 58 tasu, piipiro tasu nointutunan sabaagi tasu di haro woyo hiperaktif om oluhoi om oluhoi do taang otorodok- ahal diti popokito do serotonin om dopamine di lobi osiriba[20]. Popointalang nogi ponoriukan suai do hiperaktiviti lobi ogumu otimbaba do tasu gontoluhan om duku.[21] Kosiliu orongit do songinan tasu sabab do koinganan di araat, orosian, momogompi kinoyonon toi ko' mongoling isoiso ahal di kigatang montok dau..[22] Acute stress reactions mantad post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) okito id tasu di haro stress kronik.[23] Tasu do pulis di kitoruol PTSD mogilag do kumaraja.[24]

Kumauu ilo tasu montok manganu do buul

Taxonomy

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Templat:CladogramTasu nopo nga puru paganakan do Kanidae. Nokosuang do tasu id subspesies do Kanis lupus, miampai do paragasu om dingo.[1][2] Tasu nopo nga nosiliu tayam domestik mantad do paragasu ontok 14, 000 toun pogulu do tinimungan magagasu, pogulu koburuon do agrikultur.[3][25] Piipiro boogian tinan do tasu Bonn–Oberkassel, nolobong miampai tulun id toun 14,000 om15,000 toun pogulu, kosiliu hinta di pogulu di nointutunan sabaagai tasu di alaya.[26][3] Ponoriukan do genetik popokito do tasu nokotongkiad miampai sinakagon do paragasu id pintangaan 27,000 om 40,000 toun pogulu.[27] Dingo om tasu mononding New Guinea nobontuk mantad potongkiadan geografi om proses kapaasilan kawagu (feralisasi) tasu id Oceania ontok lobi 8,000 toun pogulu.[28][29]

Anatomi om fisiologi

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Ginayo om tongurak

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Pokitanan do tongkurak tasu

Ogumu kawo do ginayo tasu, iso baka agayo nopo nga tasu Great Dane, winagat do 50 to 79 kg (110 to 174 lb) om 71 to 81 cm (28 to 32 in), om tasu di bobos tokodo nopo nga tasu Chihuahua, winagat do 0.5 to 3 kg (1.1 to 6.6 lb) om 13 to 20 cm (5.1 to 7.9 in).[30][31] Toinsanan tasu di olidas miampai amu mogintong ginayo om kawo, haro ginumu tulang di miagal (suai ko id boogian tikiu), sundung po ingkaa, haro pogisuaian rangka di okito miampai kawo tasu di misuai.[32][33] Rangka do tasu nobontuk poimbida montok manangkus; tulang dolikud id sawat do boogian liou om dolikud di haro liwang kotilombus montok otot dolikud, kiwaa otot epaxial om otot hypaxial, di mionit do tulang tikagang di anaru di popotounda liwang montok ginawo om tundu-undu; om lihawa di amu mionit miampai tulang montok papaasil koguraan di lobi fleksibel.[32][33][34]

Misuai miampai pusakang do tasu di kopiagal do paragasu, pomogompian tasu nopili mantad tasu di alaya papaasil ginayo rangka tasu di koingkawas montok baka di lobi agayo miagal do mastiffs om nokokodo montok baka di lobi okodo miagal doterriers; Kerdilisme nogompi nogi sabaagi baka kumoiso di haro gakod di oniba miagal do tasu dachshunds om corgis.[33] Kogumuan tasu di maya sandad haro 26 vertebra id boogian tikiu, nga haro piipiro kawo tasu di haro tikiu di oniba maya sandad haro tolu no vertebra.[32]

Tongkurak mantad mogisusuai bak tasu, mantad gibang kumaa wanan : Pug; Boxer; Rottweiler; Paragasu; Collie; Standard Poodle

Tongkurak do tasu kiwaa piipiro komponen di miagal mulong po mogisusuai kawo baka, sundung po ingkaa haro pisuaian do bontuk tongkurak miampai kawo tasu. Haro 3 impohon bontuk do tongkurak tasu.[33][35] Tolu pisuayan di nopo nga bontuk dolikosefalik iri no tu bontuk anaru di okito id tasu pagasu miagal do tasu sighthounds, kumoduo, bontuk pintangaan di nointutunan sabaagi Mesosefalik toi ko' mesatisefalik, om bontuk di oniba iri no tu brakisefalik miagal do tongkurak baka mastiff.[33][35] Roo do tasu haro 42 nipon om nokoingkawas montok mangakan daging. Momoguno tasu do nipon karnasi nipon carnassial montok mongokot takanon, lolobi po daging, kosiliu roromu tokodo di lobi osonong kokoton.[36]

Deria

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Pogintangan id boogian gibang gambar nopo nga popokito do woyo popokito do pogintangan tasu.

Deria do tasu kohompit no do pogintangan, mokinongou, monigud, momoroso, akama om momurimon magnet. Iso ponoriukan poposogu do tasu milo mongilo kosimbanan di okodo suang gana medan magnet pomogunan.[37] Tasu lobi momili mongidu suang tian miampai paksi tulang dolikud di katanud miampai kinoyon ponong koibutan - kabaatan di lobi otoronong tumanud woyo gana magnetik.[38]

Pogintangan tasu nopo nga kawo pogintangan dikromatik; pogintangan visual di okito tasu nopo nga osilou, obulou om obuhog.[39] Apagon do tasu popisuai do wotik miagal do wotik aragang om otomou,[40] om miagal do mamalia suai, mato tasu haro duo kawo sel kon amu miagal do tolu kawo id mato do tulun. Paksi mato do tasu misuai mantad 12 gisom 25°, baka do tasu mamarahung nogi konfigurasi retina do tasu.[41][42] Kinoyonon fovea centralis id boogian mato do tasu mionit miampai serabut saraf, om woyo di lobi sensitif kumaa foton.[43] Sabaagi momoruhang, iso ponoriukan nokoilo nogi kataramon visualtasu nopo nga gisom walu lobi oluhoi mantad do tulun, om komilaan popisuai taang babang kikiro duo lobi oluhai mantad do tulun.[44]

Wulu

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Wulu do tasu gompion nabaagi kumaa duo kawo: wulu misaup di okito id tasu id kinoyonon di osogit (miagal do paragasu), kulit diti nowonsoi mantad wulu mogolig id boogian suang om wulu id osiriba di aalus, toi ko' iso iri no tu wulu id sawat no om aiso wulu id siriba. Piipiro kawo tasu kiwaa garis opurak toi ko' rombituon (tompok) wulu opurak id boogian kangkab toi ko' siriba tinan.[45] Tuan di amu otuo aasil id umur sontoun, om pioniton do kowowoyoon implusif, anxiety kowowoyoon orosian do tuni, tulun, toi ko' tayam di amu nointutunan.[46] Soboogian baka tasu aiso wulu, om tasu suai haro wulu di akapal. Wulu montok soboogian baka pompodon tumanud woyo pointantu, poomitanan nopo nga 'pompodon pogintangan' montok baka Yorkshire Terrier.[47]

Golohing gakod do tasu

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Golohing do tasu nopo nga digit kolimo id gakod toguang om gakod dolikud. Golohing id gakod toguang mionit do tulang om ligamen, om golohing id gakod dolikud mionit do kulit. Kogumuan tasu amu nosusu miampai golohing ontok gakod dolikud om aiuso nogi golohing id gakod toguang. Golohing do tasu kiwaa do falang proksimal om falang distal. Piipiro tua pomusarahan mantad koponorbitan popokito do koimbulayan golohing do paragasu di koubasanan nopo nga aiso golohing nopo nga ahal di popokito do paragasu om tasu nopo koumbal pinoamung (pengkacukan).[48][49]

Tikiu

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Tikiu do tasu mionit miampai dohuri liwang vertebral, id kiwaa 5 gisom 23 vertebra id suang do otot om kulit di monokodong otot anaru id dolikud do tasu. Iso mantad tudu do tikiu tasu nopo nga popolombus woyo topurimanan diolo.[50] Suai ko iri, tikiu tasu monguhup kaadangan om papaadang winagat tinan soira woyo tinan di amu otulid. Kitonggungan nogi tikiu montok papasarabak tawau do kelenjar anal maya gura do tikiu.[51] Soboogian tasu haro kelenjar violet (toi ko' kelenjar suprakaudal) di haro woyo tumanud kelenjar sebaceous id sawat do tikiu. Montok soboogian kawo tasu, aiso do kelenjar diti. Kogoyoon do kelenjar violet id tikiu papaasil bubug tu wulu di angatatak, aasil do woyo diti mantad toruol Cushing toi ko' ogumu sebum aasil mantad androgens suang kelenjar sebum.[52]

Tasu Standard Schnauzer di oitom miampai tikiu di noputul

Iso ponoriukan poposogu do tasu popokito gura tikiu di amu miagal sabaagi tisuli montok pongunsuban topurimanan di misuai. "Tisuli di noilaan mongunsub montok monginsomok intangan mantad gura tikiu di lobi agaras kumaa ponong wanan"[53][54] Tasu kaanu poporuol tinan sondii nung momogura tikiu miampai agaras; woyo diti nointutunan sabaagi tikiu kandang, tikiu oondos, tikiu araha, toi ko' tikiu nababak.[55]

Montok soboogian tasu magagasu, koubasanan nopo nga putulon montok mogilang do toruol. Soboogian tasu nogi nosusu miampai aiso tikiu tumanud kopigisuain kawo DNA suang do gen T, di papaasil tikiu di lobi oniba (bobtail).[56] Pomutulan tikiu amu nakaanu sokodung mantad kogumuan kotinanan verterinar om komogompian tayam, miagal do American Veterinary Medical Association[57] om British Veterinary Association.[58] Tumanud hinta mantad kotinanan verterinar om tuhot soriuk popokito do lobi 500 tasu nuru putulon do tikiu montok mogilang iso-iso toruol.[59]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Freedman, Adam H.; Wayne, Robert K. (February 2017). "Deciphering the Origin of Dogs: From Fossils to Genomes". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 5: 281–307. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110937. PMID 27912242.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thiele, Kevin (19 April 2019). "The Trouble With Dingoes". Taxonomy Australia. Australian Academy of Science.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Perri, Angela R.; Feuerborn, Tatiana R.; Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Larson, Greger; Malhi, Ripan S.; Meltzer, David J.; Witt, Kelsey E. (9 February 2021). "Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (id boros Inggilis). 118 (6). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11810083P. doi:10.1073/pnas.2010083118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8017920. PMID 33495362.
  4. ↑ "Dogs domesticated before farming". Nature (id boros Inggilis). 505 (7485): 589. January 2014. doi:10.1038/505589e. ISSN 1476-4687.
  5. ↑ Brown, Jackie (August 23, 2024). "How did wolves evolve into dogs? Ancient fossils provide intriguing clues". National Geographic.
  6. ↑ Perri, Angela R.; Feuerborn, Tatiana R.; Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Larson, Greger; Malhi, Ripan S.; Meltzer, David J.; Witt, Kelsey E. (9 February 2021). "Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (id boros Inggilis). 118 (6). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11810083P. doi:10.1073/pnas.2010083118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8017920. PMID 33495362.
  7. ↑ Skoglund, Pontus (1 June 2015). "Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds". Current Biology. 25 (11): 1515–1519. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.1515S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019. PMID 26004765.
  8. ↑ Shao-jie Zhang; Guo-Dong Wang; Pengcheng Ma; Liang-liang Zhang (2020). "Genomic regions under selection in the feralization of the dingoes". Nature Communications. 11 (671): 671. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..671Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14515-6. PMC 6997406. PMID 32015346.
  9. ↑ Cairns, Kylie M.; Wilton, Alan N. (17 September 2016). "New insights on the history of canids in Oceania based on mitochondrial and nuclear data". Genetica. 144 (5): 553–565. doi:10.1007/s10709-016-9924-z. PMID 27640201.
  10. ↑ Thiele, Kevin (19 April 2019). "The Trouble With Dingoes". Taxonomy Australia. Australian Academy of Science.
  11. ↑ Wang & Tedford 2008, p. 58.
  12. ↑ Gibbens, Sarah (2017-01-12). "Are Dogs Smarter Than Cats? Science Has an Answer". National Geographic. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2024-11-24.
  13. ↑ Serpell JA, Duffy DL (2014). "Dog Breeds and Their Behavior". Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior. pp. 31–57. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-53994-7_2. ISBN 978-3-642-53993-0.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Cagan, Alex; Blass, Torsten (December 2016). "Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 10. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...10C. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7 (inactive 28 November 2024). PMC 4710014. PMID 26754411.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Milau 2024 (link)
  15. ↑ Cagan, Alex; Blass, Torsten (2016). "Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 10. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...10C. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7 (inactive 28 November 2024). PMC 4710014. PMID 26754411.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Milau 2024 (link)
  16. ↑ Almada, Rafael Carvalho; Coimbra, Norberto Cysne (June 2015). "Recruitment of striatonigral disinhibitory and nigrotectal inhibitory GABAergic pathways during the organization of defensive behavior by mice in a dangerous environment with the venomous snake Bothrops alternatus (Reptilia, Viperidae)". Synapse. 69 (6): 299–313. doi:10.1002/syn.21814. PMID 25727065.
  17. ↑ Lord, Kathryn; Schneider, Richard A.; Coppinger, Raymond (2016). "Evolution of Working Dogs". In Serpell, James (ed.). The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions with People. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–66. doi:10.1017/9781139161800. ISBN 978-1-107-02414-4.
  18. ↑ Cagan, Alex; Blass, Torsten (December 2016). "Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 10. Bibcode:2016BMCEE..16...10C. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7 (inactive 28 November 2024). PMC 4710014. PMID 26754411.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Milau 2024 (link)
  19. ↑ vonHoldt, Bridgett M.; Shuldiner, Emily; Koch, Ilana Janowitz; Kartzinel, Rebecca Y.; Hogan, Andrew; Brubaker, Lauren; Wanser, Shelby; Stahler, Daniel; Wynne, Clive D. L.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Sinsheimer, Janet S.; Udell, Monique A. R. (7 July 2017). "Structural variants in genes associated with human Williams-Beuren syndrome underlie stereotypical hypersociability in domestic dogs". Science Advances. 3 (7): e1700398. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0398V. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700398. PMC 5517105. PMID 28776031.
  20. ↑ González-Martínez, Ángela; Muñiz de Miguel, Susana; Graña, Noemi; Costas, Xiana; Diéguez, Francisco Javier (13 March 2023). "Serotonin and Dopamine Blood Levels in ADHD-Like Dogs". Animals. 13 (6): 1037. doi:10.3390/ani13061037. PMC 10044280. PMID 36978578.
  21. ↑ Sulkama, Sini; Puurunen, Jenni; Salonen, Milla; Mikkola, Salla; Hakanen, Emma; Araujo, César; Lohi, Hannes (October 2021). "Canine hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention share similar demographic risk factors and behavioural comorbidities with human ADHD". Translational Psychiatry. 11 (1): 501. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01626-x. PMC 8486809. PMID 34599148.
  22. ↑ "How to Handle Aggression Between Dogs (Inter-Dog Aggressive Behavior)". petmd.com (id boros Inggilis). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 29 March 2024. Linoyog ontok 29 March 2024.
  23. ↑ Fan, Zhicong; Bian, Zhaowei; Huang, Hongcan; Liu, Tingting; Ren, Ruiti; Chen, Xiaomin; Zhang, Xiaohe; Wang, Yingjia; Deng, Baichuan; Zhang, Lingna (21 February 2023). "Dietary Strategies for Relieving Stress in Pet Dogs and Cats". Antioxidants. 12 (3): 545. doi:10.3390/antiox12030545. PMC 10045725. PMID 36978793.
  24. ↑ "Dogs and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)". American Kennel Club (id boros Inggilis). American Kennel Club's Staff. 22 May 2018. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 30 March 2024. Linoyog ontok 30 March 2024.
  25. ↑ "Dogs domesticated before farming". Nature (id boros Inggilis). 505 (7485): 589. January 2014. doi:10.1038/505589e. ISSN 1476-4687.
  26. ↑ Brown, Jackie (August 23, 2024). "How did wolves evolve into dogs? Ancient fossils provide intriguing clues". National Geographic.
  27. ↑ Skoglund, Pontus (1 June 2015). "Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds". Current Biology. 25 (11): 1515–1519. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.1515S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019. PMID 26004765.
  28. ↑ Shao-jie Zhang; Guo-Dong Wang; Pengcheng Ma; Liang-liang Zhang (2020). "Genomic regions under selection in the feralization of the dingoes". Nature Communications. 11 (671): 671. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..671Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14515-6. PMC 6997406. PMID 32015346.
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  39. ↑ Byosiere, Sarah-Elizabeth; Chouinard, Philippe A.; Howell, Tiffani J.; Bennett, Pauleen C. (1 October 2018). "What do dogs (Canis familiaris) see? A review of vision in dogs and implications for cognition research". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (id boros Inggilis). 25 (5): 1798–1813. doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1404-7. ISSN 1531-5320. PMID 29143248.
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  41. ↑ Miller, Paul E.; Murphy, Christopher J. (15 December 1995). "Vision in dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (id boros Inggilis). 207 (12): 1623–1634. doi:10.2460/javma.1995.207.12.1623. PMID 7493905.
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  44. ↑ Pongrácz, Péter; Ujvári, Vera; Faragó, Tamás; Miklósi, Ádám; Péter, András (1 July 2017). "Do you see what I see? The difference between dog and human visual perception may affect the outcome of experiments". Behavioural Processes. 140: 53–60. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.04.002. ISSN 0376-6357. PMID 28396145.
  45. ↑ Cunliffe (2004), pp. 22–23.
  46. ↑ King, Camille; Smith, Thomas J.; Grandin, Temple; Borchelt, Peter (2016). "Anxiety and impulsivity: Factors associated with premature graying in young dogs". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 185: 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2016.09.013.
  47. ↑ DK (6 July 2023). The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide (id boros Inggilis). Dorling Kindersley Limited. pp. 15–19. ISBN 978-0-241-63310-6.
  48. ↑ Ciucci, Paolo; Lucchini, Vittorio; Boitani, Luigi; Randi, Ettore (December 2003). "Dewclaws in wolves as evidence of admixed ancestry with dogs". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 81 (12): 2077–2081. Bibcode:2003CaJZ...81.2077C. doi:10.1139/z03-183.
  49. ↑ Amici, Federica; Meacci, Simone; Caray, Emmeline; Oña, Linda; Liebal, Katja; Ciucci, Paolo (2024). "A first exploratory comparison of the behaviour of wolves (Canis lupus) and wolf-dog hybrids in captivity". Animal Cognition. 27 (1): 9. doi:10.1007/s10071-024-01849-7. PMC 10907477. PMID 38429445. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help); Check |pmid= value (help)
  50. ↑ "Study explores the mystery of why dogs wag their tails". Earth.com (id boros Inggilis). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 4 February 2024. Linoyog ontok 13 March 2024.
  51. ↑ Wada, Naomi; Hori, Hiroko; Tokuriki, Mikihiko (July 1993). "Electromyographic and kinematic studies of tail movements in dogs during treadmill locomotion". Journal of Morphology (id boros Inggilis). 217 (1): 105–113. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052170109. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 8411184.
  52. ↑ "Stud Tail Tail Gland Hyperplasia in Dogs". VCA Animal Hospitals (id boros Inggilis). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 30 March 2024. Linoyog ontok 30 March 2024.
  53. ↑ Siniscalchi, Marcello; Lusito, Rita; Vallortigara, Giorgio; Quaranta, Angelo (31 October 2013). "Seeing Left- or Right-Asymmetric Tail Wagging Produces Different Emotional Responses in Dogs". Current Biology. Cell Press. 23 (22): 2279–2282. Bibcode:2013CBio...23.2279S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.027. PMID 24184108.
  54. ↑ Artelle, K. A.; Dumoulin, L. K.; Reimchen, T. E. (19 January 2010). Financially supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. "Behavioural responses of dogs to asymmetrical tail wagging of a robotic dog replica". Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition. 16 (2): 129–135. doi:10.1080/13576500903386700. PMID 20087813.
  55. ↑ "What is Happy Tail Syndrome in Dogs?". thewildest.com (id boros Inggilis). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 29 March 2024. Linoyog ontok 29 March 2024.
  56. ↑ "Paw Print Genetics - T Locus (Natural Bobtail) in the Poodle". pawprintgenetics.com. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 29 March 2024. Linoyog ontok 29 March 2024.
  57. ↑ "Ear cropping and tail docking of dogs". American Veterinary Medical Association. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 20 May 2020. Linoyog ontok 29 June 2024.
  58. ↑ "Tail docking in dogs". British Veterinary Association. Linoyog ontok 29 June 2024.
  59. ↑ Diesel, G.; Pfeiffer, D.; Crispin, S.; Brodbelt, D. (26 June 2010). "Risk factors for tail injuries in dogs in Great Britain". Veterinary Record (id boros Inggilis). 166 (26): 812–817. doi:10.1136/vr.b4880. ISSN 0042-4900. PMID 20581358. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 14 July 2024. Linoyog ontok 29 July 2024.
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