Pergi ke kandungan

Tokyo

Simbanai noputan
Coordinates: 35°41′23″N 139°41′32″E / 35.68972°N 139.69222°E / 35.68972; 139.69222
Mantad Wikipedia
Tokyo
Capital city and metropolis
Nishi-Shinjuku and Mount Fuji
Tokyo Skytree
Rainbow Bridge
Tokyo Tower
Shibuya Crossing
National Diet Building
Imperial Palace
Tokyo Station
Flag of Tokyo
Flag
Official seal of Tokyo
Seal
Official logo of Tokyo
Emblem
Anthem: "Tokyo Metropolitan Song"
(東京都歌, Tōkyō-to Ka)
Map
Interactive map outlining Tokyo
Location within Japan
Location within Japan
Coordinates: 35°41′23″N 139°41′32″E / 35.68972°N 139.69222°E / 35.68972; 139.69222
CountryJapan
RegionKantō
IslandHonshu
CapitalTokyo (de facto; de jure: Shinjuku)[1]
Divisions23 special wards, 26 cities, 1 district, and 4 subprefectures
Government
 • BodyTokyo Metropolitan Government
 • GovernorYuriko Koike (indp.)
 • Representatives42
Area
[2]
 • Total2,194 km2 (847 sq mi)
 • Metro
13,452 km2 (5,194 sq mi)
 • Taang45th in Japan
Highest elevation
[3]
2,017 m (6,617 ft)
Lowest kinawas
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2024)[4]
 • Total14,187,176
 • Rank1st in Japan
 • Ketumpatan6,363/km2 (16,480/sq mi)
 • Urban
39,105,000
 • Metro
[5]
41,000,000
 • Metro density3,000/km2 (7,900/sq mi)
 • Dialects
DemonymTokyoite
GDP[6]
 • TotalJP¥109.692 trillion
(US$1.027 trillion) (2020)
Time zoneUTC+09:00 (Japan Standard Time)
ISO 3166-2
JP-13
FlowerYoshino cherry
TreeGinkgo
Websitemetro.tokyo.lg.jp

Tokyo,[lower-alpha 1] ointutunan Tokyo Metropolis,[lower-alpha 2] nopo nga tama om kinoyonon di ointunanan ginumuan id Jipun. Soginumu 14 juta tulun ontok 2023, iti nopo nga iso kinoyonon di bobos togumu tulun id pomogunan. Kinoyonon do Metropolitan Tokyo nga kohompit do Tokyo om sobogian mantad onom wilayah misampaping, kinoyonon nogi diti nga bobos do ogumu tulun id pomogunan soginumu 41 juta ontok toun 2024.

Hilo id tulu suok Tokyo, Tokyo nopo sobogian mantad wilayah Kantō, id kotogisan rahat piintangaan Honshu, Pulou bobos tagayo id Jepun. Tokyo kiguno sabaagi do longkod pongindopuan Jipun om kinoyonon koduo-duo porinta om Maharaja Jipun. Kopomorintaan Metropolitan Tokyo nopo diti momorinta 23 wad poimbida longkod Tokyo, di pogulu nopo nga minomolodi do Bandaraya Tokyo; Ogumu komuter bandar om disan bandar id kotonobon; om duo rantai pulou poinpisuk, Kopulaoun Tokyo. Mulong po kogumuan do pogun mongumboyo Tokyo sabaagi bandar, mantad 1943 struktur koporintaan nopo Tokyo lobi kopiirad do wilayah, kiharo Gabenor om kopibandaran di lobi okoro di mombontuk Metropolis. Wad Khas id Tokyo nopo nga poinghanggum no Chiyoda, Kinoyonon bongunan Diet Pogun om Istana Imperial Tokyo; Shinjuku, longkod kopomorintaan bandar om shibuya, hab pongindopuan om pongindopuan.

Pogulu Abad 17, Tokyo nopo nga ointutunan sabaagi Edo, kinoyonon monginginsasada. Nakaanu koimaganan politik ontok toun 1603 soira do nadadi tirikohon di Keshogunan Tokugawa. Masa'an pi'intangaan abad ko-18, nadadi Edo diti sabaagi iso mantad piipiro bandar tagyo id pomogunan, lobi 1 juta tulun. Kalapas do kopomulihan Meiji (1868), Pinoundaliu tama empayar do Kyoto kumaa Edo, om bandar nopo diti nga ponoundaliu ngaran kumaa Tokyo (lit. 'Eastern Capital'). Ontok toun 1923, naraag pogun Tokyo tu nouru gagaran Great Kantō, om bandar on nouru nogi do bom masa'an pisangadan pomogunan ii. Tumimpuun do koowiyon 1940-on, naakanu kawagu pogun Tokyo do koingkawasan di nokounsub pongindopuan Jipun, Jipun nopo nga nadadi do pogun pogun koduo do pongindopuan di poinsonong, id dohuri Amerika Syarikat.[8] Gisom do 2023, bandar nopo diti nga kaanu manahak kinoyonon do 29 mantad 500 syarikat tangagayo id pomogunan, di poinsuang do Fortune Global 500 — Koduo di akawas mantad bandar suai.[9]


Nadadi Tokyo do bandar koiso id Asia di papaanjur do Olimpik om Paralimpik ontok do 1964 om 2021. Nakaanu nogi do papaanjur G7 id 1973, 1986 om 1993. Tokyo nopo nga iso hab Sompogunan id ponoriukan om kopotundaan om longkod pinsingilaan miampai piipiro universiti apangkal poinghanggum no Universiti Tokyo, Universiti kipangkat takawas id Jipun.[10][11] Stesen Tokyo nopo nga hab longkod do Shinkansen, piromutan korita tapui di akawas kosiahan om Stesen Shinjuku id bandar nopo nga bobos atangkangau id pomogunan. Tokyo Skytree nopo nga manara takawas id pomogunan.[12] Ralan Tokyo Metro Ginza, noukab ontok toun 1927, nopo nga ralan metro siriba tana' di bobos otuo' id Asia-Pasifik.[13]

Etimologi

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Tokyo
Tōkyō id kanji
Japanese name
Kanji東京
Hiraganaとうきょう
Katakanaトウキョウ

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Tokyo nopo mantad nga ointutunan sabaagi Edo (江戸), kompaun kanji 江 (e, "suok, ) and 戸 (kumaa, "kosuangon, tansar, longobon").[14] Ngaran diti milo podolinon do "estuary", iso sukuon kumaa kinoyonon mantad id pirubaan Sumida River om Tokyo Bay. Masa'on Meiji Restoration ontok 1868, ngaran do pogun diti minaan alanai kumaa Tokyo (東京, from 東 tō "east", and 京 kyō "capital"), soira nadadi impayar, pinomungaaran pogun diti tumanud koubasanan kosilahon Asia di popohompit panandatan (京) id ngaran tama pogun (Poomitanan, Kyoto (京都), Keijō (京城), Beijing (北京), Nanjing (南京), and Xijing (西京)).[15] Masa'on do timpu "Meiji period", pogun diti boroson do "Tōkei", karalano suai montok popolombus "Tokyo", wonsoyon id kanji homograph. Piipiro dikumon tulun ufis Inggeris momoguno ija'an "Tokei";[16] mulong po, kopolombusan diti nopo do baino nga gansai.[17]

Sajara

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Timpu pogulu Tokugawa

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Kinoyonon do Tokyo nopo diti nga noiyanan mantad po timpu purba.[18] Haro piipiro kinoyonon timpu Paleolithic period (masa'on 40,000–16,000BC.) di nokito ontok Tokyo babaino. Masa'on timpu Jomon period, Nalanak o glasior Holosen Holocene glacial retreat di nokosubu nokoinsawatan do taang rahat id Tokyo Bay gisom 120 cm, burisan rahat nopo baino nga hilo id Imperial Palace.[19] Omori Shell Mounds nopo kinoluon kinoyonon di ponokontada' do kinoyonon tanda' rahat ontok do timpu di.[20] Timpu Yayoi period, masa'on koinlaaban do pomutanaman id pogun, pinomungaranan mantad do Yayoi 2-chōme Site id Bunkyo, hinonggo do poomitanan koiso Yayoi pottery noukadan id 1884 di Shozo Arisaka.[21]

Id 534, iso pioduhan di kiskala agayo norikud id kinoyonon diti, om aasil nopo nga Kasahara no Omi, sabaafi nakalantoi, om pinopoingkakat Kuni no Miyatsuko (Gabenor wilayah) mantad Emperor Ankan. Kuil Senso-ji id Asakusa nopo nga pinoimagon ontok 645. Id siriba sistom Ritsuryō system di nokoimagon maso do Asuka period, kogumuan do tokyo baino nga poinsuang do Musashi Province di pogulu. Soira naratu kopomorintaan Kingdom of Baekje maya pisangadan Battle of Baekgang ontok 660s, ribuon songkosuai pinoiyon kawagu id Musashi.[22]

Ontok timpu Heian period, tinimpuunan Edo do guminirot di Edo clan ontok tohuri abad 12. id 1457,minomonsoi Ōta Dōkan do Edo Castle montok mananalob do rikoton sangod mantad do Chiba clan. Soira do pinatai i Dōkan ontok 1486, raan Ohgigayatsu mantad do Uesugi clan minanganu do istana om kinoyonon di. Naalanan kawagu yolo do tinimungan Later Hōjō clan maya sangod Battle of Takanawahara id 1524. Mulong po do ingkaa, tinimungan Hōjō clan diti naala di Toyotomi Hideyoshi maso Siege of Odawara id 1590.[23]

1590–1868 (Timpu Tokugawa )

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Kakadayan Mitsukoshi id Nihonbashi, mantad Hiroshige, c. 1836

Maya do panalaban do Odara, nakaanu Tokugawa Ieyasu do Kantō region mantad di Toyotomi Hideyoshi om minundaliu mantad hilo, tana tinungkusan id katanaan Mikawa Province. Pinoingkawas dau kinogoyoon do istana Edo di noiduanan no om nangaraag di timpuun nogi yau korikot om momorinta. Soira do nadadi shōgun yau, Kopomorintaan de facto id pogun, ontok 1603, koinsanan pogun id siriba pomorintahan do Edo. Mulong po do ingkaa, Tokugawa shogunate momorinta maya praktikal, kakal po Imperial House of Japan pomorinta di poimagon koporintaan de jure , om kangaranan do shōgun pinatahak kumaa maharaja sabaagi formaliti. Walai do maharaja nopo nga hilo id Kyoto mantad 794 gisom 1868, mantad diti Edo nopo nga kakal po do okon ko tama pogun Jipun.[24] : 16 Timpu do Edo period, nakaanu do kotoronongon pogun di oilaan do Pax Tokugawa, om id maso kotonoronongon diti, Koobian shogun diti momogompi dasar sonkosuai di ogirot (sakoku) om monguhup do mongilag do koligaganan mantad souder di agayo kumaa kinoyonon diti.[25] Maya do aiso pisangadan diti, kaanu Edo do tumorodok do momonsoi kawagu bogunan di notutudan, noontok do gogor pogun, susuai po kobolingakahangan pogun di notoguangan do pogun diti. Aasil di, Edo nopo nga nokoburu gisom nadadi iso pogun bobos tagayo id pomogunan di korikot tulun ginumuan 1 juta ontok abad ko 18[26]

Mulong po do ingkaa, timpu sonkosuai di anaru diti notingkod osira nokorikot i komodor Matthew C. Perry mantad Amerika Syarikat id toun 1853. Minononsog i komodor Perry do mongukab kawagu do palabuhan do Shimoda om Hakodate, di minogowit do kinoingkawason do pokionuan do kakamot mantad labus pogun om nakaanu do pinoinsawat infalasi.[27] Kakanggahan do id ginumuan tulun nopo nga miningkawas tu apagon gatang do kakamot ontok di om nokoimbulai do susumangod om demonstrasi di agayo, loolobi po id bontuk mamabak do kadai-kadai wagas.[28] Id maso diti nogi, tulun di monokodung do Maharaja minanganu kosiwatan mantad au kopitorunungon diti do popogirot kuasa politik, di minogowit korotuon do shogun Tokugawa di tohuri, Yoshinobu, id 1867.[29] Kalapas 265 toun , Pax Tokugawa nokorikot id kolimpupuson. Id Mikat 1868, pinatahak istana Edo kumaa koobian monokodung Maharaja maya pogibabarasan (Korotuon do Fall of Edo). Mulong po do ingkaa nga haro po souder di taat kumaa shogunan di pinoopotilombus do tinggisaman, nakaalan diolo nopo nga ontok pisangadan Ueno Battle of Ueno ontok 4 Madas 1868 , koinsanan pogun Edo naratu kumaa kopomorintaan do wagu t new government.[30]

1868–1941

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Marunouchi id 1909
Tulun Tokyo mogiahau id ginumuan tulun do agangau id sumuang korita tapui tram, c. 1910

Kalapas do kinorotuon do Koshogunan Tokugawa, kumoinsan montok do piipiro abad do Maharaja Jipun nopo nga okon ko simbolik no nga nadadi sabaagi pomorinta de facto and de jure do pogun di. Pinoposogu i Hisoka Maejima do guno tama pogun nopo nga poundolihon kumaa Tokyo, maya koinsanangan do infrakstuktur mantad om linaab do Dataran Kanto suai ko' lembangan Kyoto di lobi okoro.[31] Kalapas do pinatahak o Edo kumaa kopomorintaha Meiji, naalanan o ngaran kumaa Tokyo (Tama Pogun Kosilahon) ontok 3 Manom 1868. NokoongoiEmperor Meiji tombului do kinoyonon diti do koowiyon toun diti om minundaliu kopio ontok toun 1869. Tokyo nopo kopio nga nadadi longkod politik do pogun montok piipiro linaid somok no tolu abad,[32] om soira do tuminindohoi i Maharaja hilo, Tokyo nogi nga nadadi tama pogun empayar maya de facto. Istana Edo nopo nga nadadi Istana Diraja Jipun. Montiri pomorinta miagal ko' montiri kousinan nga pinoundaliu kumaa Tokyo ontok toun 1871. [33] Wawayaan korita tapui di kumoiso id Jipun nopo noukaban ontok 14 Gumas 1872, popiromut Shimbashi (Shiodome) omYokohama (Sakuragicho), baino nopo nga soboogian do wawayaan Tokaido.[34] Ontok toun 1870 -on, pinoimagon mogikakawo institusi om koinsanangan toponsol di nadadi do simbol Tokyo miagal ko' Ueno Park (1873), University of Tokyo (1877) om Tokyo Stock Exchange (1878). Koburuon kemodenan di osiau pinoindalan mantad Tokyo, maya do kinoyonon pongindopuan miagal koMarunouchi di noponu do bongunan bata moden, om korita tapui monguhup montok do poposunsui kinoris kukumaraja di ogumu om kikonuruan ontok monokodung pembangunan ekonomi,[35] Pinoimagon do rasmi Bandar Tokyo ontok 1 Mikat 1889. Ontok toun diti nogi, Imperial Diet, Kotinanan Kooturan Kabansaan Jipun pinoimagon id Tokyo om kakal poindalan gisom do baino.

Metropolitan Police Tama ufis pointutud sabab do gogor tana. on fire following the earthquake. Nokounsub tapui di mantad gogor tana gisom nokoimbulai fire whirls.

Ontok 1 Manom 1923, noontok Tokyo gogor tana Great Kanto Earthquake om kasaraban minamatai kiikiro 105.000 ginawo tulun. Ginumu kinorugian nopo nga agaon do 37 piatus mantad kosoliwanon ekonomi pogun.[36] Mulong po do ingkaa, kinaraagan diti nakaanu manahk kosiwatan do momorindak kawagu do perancangan bandar, di arau-arau minundaliu bontuk kalapas Meiji Restoration. Bongunan konkrit popokito kadar kopotilombusan di akawas, mongunsub do kopongolihan mantad kopomogunoon kayu om bata kumaa kapamansayan moden di otial gogor tana'. [37] Tokyo Metro Ginza Line pialatan do Ueno om Asakusa, wawayaan korita tapui id siriba tana' di kumoiso do winonsoi id soliwan do Europe om benua Amerika, nopongo ontok 30 Momuhau 1927.[13] Mulong po do nopuli Tokyo mantad do gogor tana' nga nokoimbulai kegerakan koubasanan om politik liberal miagal ko' Taishō Democracy, dekad 1930-on pinopokito do kinoruon ekonomi di agayo gisom do nadadi Great Depression om kinakasaon id politik. Duo pogumbalan do magahau kuasa souder id Tokyo ontok 15 Mikat 1932 om 26 Mansak 1936. Kinakasaon diti minanahak do kosiwatan kumaa souder jipun id kopomorintahan montok do monguasa pogun, di minogowit do kaampayatan jipun id sangod jipyn koduo sabaagi kuasa paksi. Maya do sonkosuai politik Jipun id taang sompogunan sabab do pencorobohan do souder id China om kowowoyoon geopolitik di makin au stabil id Europe. Nasansagan Tokyo suminoliwan mantad do adadi tuan walai Sukan Olimpik Timpu Alasu 1940 ontok toun 1938.[38] Nokotimpuun

Rationing id Mahas 1940 da'amot do pogun nokotounda montok sangod pomogunan sumusuhut, om kapamarayahan do kinoulitan ko-26 abad koinsawatan do takhta Maharaja Jimmu toun di montok popoingkawas sunduan om kointutunan kabansaan. Ontok 8 Momuhau 1941, minonarang Jipun do pangakalan souder Amerika id Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, nopogowit do sangod pomogunan kumoduo sumaap do kuasa bersatu. Pomorintahan maso sangod nopo nga minanahak bagas tagayo kumaa koposion monikid tadau id Tokyo.[39]

  1. ↑ 東京都の県庁（都庁）所在地について ("On the seat of the prefectural government (Metropolitan government) of Tokyo Metropolis"). Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok February 12, 2024. Linoyog ontok May 11, 2024. The special ward of Shinjuku is the seat of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Tokyo as defined in this article is a prefecture, not a municipality; Tokyo's special wards, cities, towns, and villages are Tokyo's municipalities. As the informal prefectural capital of Tokyo, "Tokyo" means the 23 special wards of Tokyo, i.e. former Tokyo City, not Tokyo, the entire prefecture/"Metropolis" as defined in this article.
  2. ↑ "Reiwa 1 nationwide prefectures, cities and towns area statistics (October 1)" (id boros Jipun). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. December 26, 2019. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok April 15, 2020. Linoyog ontok April 28, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Mountains of Tokyo Metropolis" (id boros Jipun). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Linoyog ontok April 28, 2020.
  4. ↑ "東京都の人口（推計）とは" [Population of Tokyo(estimate)]. www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp (id boros Jipun). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok June 9, 2023. Linoyog ontok September 10, 2024.
  5. ↑ "Major Agglomerations of the World". Population Statistics and Maps. February 28, 2023. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok July 7, 2023. Linoyog ontok September 10, 2024.
  6. ↑ "県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和2年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、4政令指定都市分＞". esri.cao.go.jp. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok January 23, 2024. Linoyog ontok October 8, 2023.
  7. ↑ Templat:Dictionary.com
  8. ↑ "External Economic Relations: From Recovery to Prosperity to Making a Positive Contribution". www.mofa.go.jp. Linoyog ontok July 15, 2023.
  9. ↑ "Major European capital slips out of Fortune Global 500's top 5 cities for the first time in 5 years". Fortune (id boros Inggilis). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok August 9, 2023. Linoyog ontok August 8, 2023.
  10. ↑ "QS World University Rankings 2024". Top Universities (id boros Inggilis). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok January 4, 2024. Linoyog ontok February 11, 2024.
  11. ↑ "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE) (id boros Inggilis). September 25, 2023. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok September 27, 2023. Linoyog ontok February 11, 2024.
  12. ↑ "Tokyo – GoJapanGo". Tokyo Attractions – Japanese Lifestyle. Mi Marketing Pty Ltd. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok April 26, 2012. Linoyog ontok April 18, 2012.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hornyak, Tim (December 16, 2017). "Heart of gold: The Ginza Line celebrates its 90th birthday". Japan Times. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok December 9, 2020. Linoyog ontok December 29, 2017.
  14. ↑ Room, Adrian.
  15. ↑ Room, Adrian.
  16. ↑ Fiévé, Nicolas & Paul Waley (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. p. 253.
  17. ↑ 明治東京異聞～トウケイかトウキョウか～東京の読み方 (id boros Jipun). Tokyo Metropolitan Archives. 2004. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok October 6, 2008. Linoyog ontok September 13, 2008.
  18. ↑ "Tokyo | Japan, Population, Map, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (id boros Inggilis). 2024-01-11. Linoyog ontok 2024-02-11.
  19. ↑ "葛飾区史|第1章 葛飾の風土と自然". www.city.katsushika.lg.jp. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok December 3, 2024. Linoyog ontok 2024-11-29.
  20. ↑ "Omori shell mounds". www.city.shinagawa.tokyo.jp. Linoyog ontok 2024-11-29.
  21. ↑ "Yayoi 2-chome site". bunka.nii.ac.jp (id boros Jipun). Linoyog ontok 2024-11-29.
  22. ↑ "Settlement of the Toraijin". adeac.jp. Linoyog ontok 2024-11-29.
  23. ↑ "小田原市 | 小田原合戦". 小田原市 (id boros Jipun). Linoyog ontok 2024-11-29.
  24. ↑ Sorensen, Andre (2004). The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty-First Century.
  25. ↑ Naitō, Akira (2003). Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History. pp. 33, 55.
  26. ↑ McClain, James, James; et al. (1994). Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era. p. 13.
  27. ↑ Naitō, Akira (2003). Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History. pp. 182–183.
  28. ↑ Naitō, Akira (2003). Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History. p. 186.
  29. ↑ Naitō, Akira (2003). Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History. p. 188.
  30. ↑ "Japan - The fall of the Tokugawa | Britannica". www.britannica.com (id boros Inggilis). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok May 17, 2024. Linoyog ontok 2024-05-17.
  31. ↑ "Who Is Hisoka Maejima? The Father of Japan's Postal System | MailMate". mailmate.jp. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok May 17, 2024. Linoyog ontok 2024-05-17.
  32. ↑ "History of Tokyo". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok October 12, 2007. Linoyog ontok October 17, 2007.
  33. ↑ "2：官庁街となった大手町 ～ 丸の内・大手町 | このまちアーカイブス | 不動産購入・不動産売却なら三井住友トラスト不動産". smtrc.jp (id boros Jipun). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok October 8, 2023. Linoyog ontok 2024-05-17.
  34. ↑ Hornyak, Tim (2022-10-10). "Empire of steel: Where Japan's railways stand after 150 years of evolution". The Japan Times (id boros Inggilis). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok April 7, 2024. Linoyog ontok 2024-05-17.
  35. ↑ "第3章 一丁ロンドンの誕生──コンドルの時代|130TH ANNIVERSARY|株式会社三菱地所設計". www.mjd.co.jp. Linoyog ontok 2024-05-17.
  36. ↑ "「関東大震災100年」 特設ページ : 防災情報のページ - 内閣府". www.bousai.go.jp. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok May 19, 2024. Linoyog ontok 2024-05-17.
  37. ↑ "日本人による近代建築、耐震基準の最先端に 関東大震災の教訓②|これからの100年|くらし×防災メディア「防災ニッポン」読売新聞". くらし×防災メディア「防災ニッポン」読売新聞 (id boros Jipun). Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok May 17, 2024. Linoyog ontok 2024-05-17.
  38. ↑ Organizing Committee of the XIIth Olympiad.
  39. ↑ "100年前の関東大震災が東京の「戦時体制」を加速させた...東京大空襲に至る防災と防空の歴史：東京新聞 TOKYO Web". 東京新聞 TOKYO Web (id boros Jipun). Linoyog ontok 2024-05-18.

Nuut

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  1. ↑ /ˈtoʊkioʊ/;[7] Ralat skrip: Fungsi "langx" tidak wujud., Tōkyō, [toː.kʲoː] ⓘ
  2. ↑ Ralat skrip: Fungsi "langx" tidak wujud., Tōkyō-to, Jepun pronunciation: [toː.kʲoꜜː.to]

Sukuon

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Bibliografi

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Basa'on potilombus

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Tapanai

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  • Bender, Andrew, and Timothy N. Hornyak. Tokyo (City Travel Guide) (2010)
  • Mansfield, Stephen. Dk Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide: Tokyo (2013)
  • Waley, Paul. Tokyo Now and Then: An Explorer's Guide. (1984). 592 pp
  • Yanagihara, Wendy. Lonely Planet Tokyo Encounter

Kontemporari

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  • Allinson, Gary D. Suburban Tokyo: A Comparative Study in Politics and Social Change. (1979). 258 pp.
  • Bestor, Theodore. Neighborhood Tokyo (1989). online edition
  • Bestor, Theodore. Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Centre of the World. (2004) online edition[noputan di napatai sogigisom]
  • Fowler, Edward. San'ya Blues: Labouring Life in Contemporary Tokyo. (1996) ISBN 0-8014-8570-3.
  • Friedman, Mildred, ed. Tokyo, Form and Spirit. (1986). 256 pp.
  • Jinnai, Hidenobu. Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology. (1995). 236 pp.
  • Jones, Sumie et al. eds. A Tokyo Anthology: Literature from Japan's Modern Metropolis, 1850–1920 (2017); primary sources excerpt
  • Perez, Louis G. Tokyo: Geography, History, and Culture (ABC-CLIO, 2019).
  • Reynolds, Jonathan M. "Japan's Imperial Diet Building: Debate over Construction of a National Identity". Art Journal. 55#3 (1996) pp. 38+.
  • Sassen, Saskia. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. (1991). 397 pp.
  • Sorensen, A. Land Readjustment and Metropolitan Growth: An Examination of Suburban Land Development and Urban Sprawl in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2000)
  • Taira, J. [re]TOKYO. (2018). San Francisco: ORO Editions. ISBN 978-1-940743-66-0
  • Waley, Paul. "Tokyo-as-world-city: Reassessing the Role of Capital and the State in Urban Restructuring". Urban Studies 2007 44(8): 1465–1490. ISSN 0042-0980 Fulltext: Ebsco

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