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Kupi Turki

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Kupi Turki
Sansangkir kupi Turki, pinosurung mantad tambaga cezve
TypeKupi
Country of origin Disputed
ColorDark brown

Kupi Turki nopo nga woyo kupi i pinotounda id suang cezve momoguno do linsou kupi i nokisar do aalus kopio om amu siniring.[1]

Kopotoundaan

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Kupi Turki nopo nga kupi i kinisar om ginour miampai pogolokon. Milo gunoon honggo-honggo nopo linsou kupi; kawo do arabika nopo nga bobos do osonong, nga gunoon kasari o robusta toi ko' i rinalatan.[2] Pologoson o abuk kupi dii id suang kupi soira posurungon.[3][4] Kisaron o kupi dii id walai momoguno pongisar manual i winonsoi montok mongisar di aalus kopio, kinisar tumanud pokionuon do papadagang kupi id kogumuan do boogian pomogunan, toi ko' binoli i nokisar no mantad id kogumuan kadai.

Kahve fincanı era Uthmaniyyah

Kupi om waig, koubasan nopo nga miampai gula, pinarakan id suang poriuk poimbida i lohowon do cezve id Turki, om asaru lohowon do ibrik id kinoyonon suai. Nung tumimpuun momiputa nopo rinalatan dii, om pogulu kogolok, poundolihon ii mantad tapui; milo polosuon kawagu toruhai do induo montok popoinggumu puta tumanud korohian. Somonu, pokiikiro iso per tolu mantad kupi dii potikidon kumaa sangkir sosongulun; i noolu nopo nga pogulion kumaa id tapui om potikidon soira kogolok.[5][6] Posurungon o kupi tumanud koubasanan id suang do sangkir porselin okoro i lohowon do 'sangkir kupi' kahve fincanı.[7]

Iso po kawagu koubasanan laid i kohompit do popoili cezve i sinuangan do kupi id suang do kuali di kisuang togis alasu. Pinalasu o kuali dii id tapui poingukab, mantad dii, atamangan di togis o talasu dii miampai poinggonop. Mantad talasu di pinaasil do togis, koinsawat o puta kupi dii do osikap. Milo nogi pitopongon o rinalom cezve id suang togis miampai talasu. Koubasan nopo uliton o proses diti intolu gisom ingapat om tohuri nopo posurungon nogi id suang sangkir tokoro i lohowon do sangkir demitasse.[8]

Pointalangon o ginumu gula soira mamason do kupi. Ii nopo kanto nga aiso gula (Boros Turki: sade kahve), miampai okuri toi ko' osuhatan no gula (Boros Turki: az şekerli kahve, orta şekerli kahve toi ko' orta kahve), toi ko' oomis (Boros Turki: çok şekerli kahve). Asaru posurungon o kupi miampai iso-iso i okoro om oomis do akanon, miagal do Turkish delight.[9][10] Somonu ii nopo nga kiroso do tua' pelaga,[3] mastic, salep,[11] toi ko' ambergris.[12] Kogumuan abuk kupi dii koundaliu mantad cezve kumaa sangkir; id suang sangkir, haro i kosonod id siriba nga ogumu i amu kosonod om aakan miampai di kupi.

Tumanud di tangabaal

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Id suang karatas karaja montok do Simposium Taakanon Oxford 2013, minonoriuk i Tan om i Bursa do woyo-woyo inus toi ko' kraf momonsoi om poposurung kupi Turki, tumanud do prosedur tradisional:

  • Momogoi'. Osonong nopo nga goi'on o kasang Arabika otomou di osonong kopio miampai osuhatan om ginumu di okoro momoguno tapui di otimbang om kuali oribau om nogi bosi tempa. Oponsol kopio tumingkod ontok timpu di kotunud, om poundolihon nogi kasang dii kumaa taang sumusuhut:
  • Poposogit. Pologoson kosogit o kasang dii id suang kutak kayu om menyerap tumau di nokolobi. Binoros do mamarahung o kawo kayu do roso, walnut nopo nga i bobos osonong.
  • Monutuk toi ko' mongisar. Nuru do ingkurian o kasang dii sumiliu do serbuk di aalus kopio. Oponsol o linalus serbuk dii montok kalantayon kupi Turki tu ii nopo nga mamarahung roso do puta om kabang. (Tumanud iso toud,[13] ginayo zarah nuru do 75-125 mikron.) Pinotosol di tabaal do nuru tutukon diolo momoguno longon id suang mortar kayu, sundung apagon do momonsoi daamot momodimpot linalus di miadang. Mantad dii, koubasan do kisaron id kilang luyang toi ko' tambaga, sundung ii nopo nga papaasil zarah di lobi otuu.
  • Kapamansayan. Oponsol do momoguno cezve di otopot. Poiyanan diti nopo nga iso kelalang kon, i agayo id tuwou mantad ko' id liou dau, om winonsoi mantad do tambaga palsu di akapal. (Ginayo Cezve di koubasan nopo kowonsoi do sansangkir kupi om milo pokionuon id suang talian miampai ouhan id kogumuan pogun id kotonobon.) Waig tosogit, piipiro sinduk teh do kupi (bobos okuri nopo 7 gram tikid tulun)[13] om posuangon o gula id suang cezve om poilihon id sawat tapui. Bontuk kelalang dii i alawis mongunsub do pombontukan puta om popotimporon wongi dau. Au milo pogolokon kopio o kupi dii. "Taang diti nuru haro pongintangan di oulud om timpu di osorisid tu kupi Turki di opoto haro lapisan puta di akapal kopio id boogian sawat". Haro i kipomusarahan do monguhup o tambaga logam do popoingkawas roso dau.
  • Poposurung. Cezve haro rongus di gunoon do monungu id suang sangkir. Sundung do reka bontuk sangkir dii nopo nga aiso pionitan miampai roso tinumon, nga nokoboros i tangabaal do ii nopo nga mogowit pisuayan. Sangkir di osonong nopo nga winonsoi mantad porselin miampai rim di onipis: ii nopo nga manahak bagas kumaa roso do kabang. Popotosol o koubasanan do kohiakan poposurung kupi momoguno sangkir di ogingo, ii nopo nga tungkus do paganakan. Posurungon o tinumon dii miampai do sanggalas waig i nuru do tiuson po gulu montok momorisi do kabang. Minamarahung o koubasanan suai do kapamagatangan tutumombului kumaa tinumon om kohiakan karamayan, kaampai no manangon, monindu naangayan, om suusuai po.

Sundung do taang diti nopo kanto nga pinorontob id kupi moden, poomitanan nopo, kupi dii nopo kanto nga binoli i nogoi om nokisar no, ritual om kosusukupan (poomitanan, wongi antisipatif kasang ginoi) nopo koindalan tumanud imaginasi om haro bagas psikologi.[14]

Sajara

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Kadai kupi Istanbul, c.1809 (artis Yunani i au ointutunan, Muzium Victoria om Albert)

Nokotongkop o monginum kupi id pomogunan do Islam ontok abad ko-16.[15]  Mantad Hijaz om nokorikot id Kaherah;[16][17] mantad hilo kuminaa id Syria om Istanbul.[18] Tinanom o puun kupi di kumoinsan nogi id Yaman maya komersial, pinointutun do hilo mantad talun rasam Ethiopia hinonggo poinsuni ii.[19] Ontok timpu di alaid,[20] minonoiso o tulun Yaman do eksport linsou kupi id pomogunan[19] (tumanud di Carl Linnaeus, miampai tinomod do minomorumbak tinori diolo do sumuni).[21] Minonguasa' o empayar Uthmaniyyah do wilayah kotogisan kabaatan Yaman solinaid do oruhai no iso abad (1538-1636), loolobi no pelabuhan kupi dau i nointutunan, Mocha.[18]  Ontok abad ko-18, Mesir nopo nga wilayah bobos kiharo-haro id suang empayar Uthmaniyyah, om komoditi apangkal di padagangon nopo nga kupi Yaman.[22] I papapadagang Kaherah i kitonggungan do pinopundaliu ii mantad Yaman kumaa pasaran id pomogunan do Islam.[16] 

Sukuon

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  1. ↑ "Getting Your Buzz with Turkish coffee". ricksteves.com. Linoyog ontok 19 Magus 2015.
  2. ↑ Agca, Nisan (22 Milau 2017). "Making Turkish Coffee with a Turkish Barista Champion". Resources.urnex.com. Linoyog ontok 5 Mikat 2018. Some supermarkets sell coffee that is pre-ground, marketed as Turkish coffee, and usually robusta.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Freeman, James; Freeman, Caitlin; Duggan, Tara (2012-10-09). The Blue Bottle Craft of Coffee: Growing, Roasting, and Drinking, With Recipes. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-60774-118-3.
  4. ↑ Basan, Ghillie (2006). The Middle Eastern Kitchen. New York, USA: Hippocrene Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7818-1190-3.
  5. ↑ Akin, Engin (2015-10-06). Essential Turkish Cuisine. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-61312-871-8.
  6. ↑ Basan, Ghillie (2006). The Middle Eastern Kitchen. New York, USA: Hippocrene Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7818-1190-3.
  7. ↑ Akin, Engin (2015-10-06). Essential Turkish Cuisine. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-61312-871-8.
  8. ↑ "Turkish Sand Coffee: Preparation and History". December 2022.
  9. ↑ Hattam, Jennifer; Larson, Vanessa; Newman, Scott (2012). Turkey. Fodor's Travel Publications. ISBN 978-0-307-92843-6.
  10. ↑ Basan, Ghillie (1997). Classic Turkish Cookery. I.B. Tauris. p. 218. ISBN 1-86064011-7.
  11. ↑ Sukhadwala, Sejal (11 Gumas 2016). "Where To Drink Coffees From Around The World In London". Londonist. Linoyog ontok 26 Gumas 2018.
  12. ↑ "The starting point of Turkish coffee: Istanbul's historic coffeehouses". The Istanbul Guide. Linoyog ontok 26 Gumas 2018.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Turkish cultural heritage: a cup of coffee". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 4 (4): 213–220 [213, 217]. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2017.11.003.
  14. ↑ Tan, Aylin Öney; Bursa, Nihal (2014). "Turkish Coffee: arte & factum, Paraphernalia of a Ritual from Ember to Cup". In McWilliams, Mark (ed.). Food & Material Culture: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookey 2013. Prospect Books. pp. 314–324. ISBN 978-1-909248-40-3. Linoyog ontok 1 Ngiop 2024.
  15. ↑ "Coffee and Spices: Official Ottoman Reactions to Egyptian Trade in the Later Sixteenth Century". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 76: Festschrift Andreas Tietze zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet von seinen Freunden und Schülern: 87–93. 1986. JSTOR 23868774.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Quickel, Anthony T. (2022). "Cairo and Coffee in the Transottoman Trade Network". Transottoman Matters. V&R unipress / Brill Deutschland GmbH. pp. 83–98. doi:10.14220/9783737011686.83. ISBN 978-3-84711168-9.
  17. ↑ Ayvazoğlu, Beşir (2011). Turkish Coffee Culture (PDF). Translated by Şeyhun, Melis. Ankara, Turkey: Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. ISBN 978-975-17-3567-6. Linoyog ontok 14 Mansak 2024.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "The Ottomans and the Yemeni Coffee Trade". Oriente Moderno, Nuova Serie. Istituto per l'Oriente Carlo Alfonso Nallino. Anno 25 (86): 161–171. 2006. JSTOR 25818052.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Herrera, Juan Carlos; Lambot, Charles (2017). "The Coffee Tree - Genetic Diversity and Origin". In Folmer, Britta (ed.). The Craft and Science of Coffee. Academic Press. pp. 1, 2. ISBN 978-0-12-803520-7. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 2024-07-05. Linoyog ontok 2024-02-15.
  20. ↑ "Coffee as a Social Drug". Cultural Critique. 71: Drugs in Motion: Mind- and Body-Altering Substances in the World's Cultural Economy (71): 81–106. 2009. doi:10.1353/cul.0.0027. JSTOR 25475502.
  21. ↑ "Coffee and qat on the Royal Danish expedition to Arabia – botanical, ethnobotanical and commercial observations made in Yemen 1762–1763". Archives of Natural History. 42 (1): 101–112. 2015. doi:10.3366/anh.2015.0283.
  22. ↑ "When Coffee Brought about Wealth and Prestige: The Impact of Egyptian Trade on Salonica". Oriente Moderno, Nuova Serie. Istituto per l'Oriente Carlo Alfonso Nallino. Anno 25 (86): 93–107. 2006. JSTOR 25818048.

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