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Myanmar

Simbanai noputan
Mantad Wikipedia
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
  • ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်‌ (Burma)
  • Pyidăuzu Thammăda Myăma Năingandaw
Flag of Myanmar
Flag
State Seal of Myanmar
State Seal
Anthem: ကမ္ဘာမကျေ
Kaba Ma Kyei
"Till the End of the World"
Location of Myanmar (green)

in ASEAN (dark grey)  –  [Legend]

CapitalNaypyidaw[lower-alpha 1]
21°00′N 96°00′E / 21.000°N 96.000°E / 21.000; 96.000
Largest cityYangon[lower-alpha 2]
Official languageBurmese
Recognised regional languages[1]
Tinimungan etnik
(2019[2][3][4])
Ugama
Demonim
[7]
GovernmentUnitary assembly-independent presidential republic under a Military junta
• President
Myint Swe (acting)
Min Aung Hlaing
Soe Win[lower-alpha 3]
Kotinanan perundanganState Administration Council
Formation
23 Momuhau 849
16 Gumas 1510
29 Mansak 1752
1 Milatok 1886
4 Milatok 1948
2 Gomot 1962
• Renamed from "Burma" to "Myanmar"
18 Mahas 1989
30 Gomot 2011
1 Mansak 2021
Area
• Total
676,579 km2 (261,229 sq mi) (39th)
•  Waig  (%)
3.06
Population
• 2022 estimate
57,526,449[11] (26th)
• Density
Templat:Convinfobox/sec2 (125th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $277.767 billion[12] (64th)
• Per kapita
Increase $5,124[12] (146th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Ginumu
Increase $74.861 billion[12] (90th)
• Per kapita
Increase $1,381[12] (167th)
Gini (2017)Positive decrease 30.7[13]
medium
HDI (2021)Decrease 0.585[14]
medium · 149th
Mato tusinBurmese kyat (K) (MMK)
Zon timpuUTC+06:30 (MMT)
Driving sideright
Calling code+95
Kod ISO 3166[[ISO 3166-2:TEMPLAT:ISO 3166-1|TEMPLAT:ISO 3166-1]]
Internet TLD.mm
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

Myanmar (Boros Burma: မြန်မာ, [mjəmà]) toi ko' ii pogulu noilaan sabaagi Burma nopo nga iso pogun id Asia Tenggara. Pogun diti minonimban do ngaran kumaa Myanmar ontok 1989 om ngaran wagu noumboyo do Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Nung ingkaa, piipiro pogun miagal ko Amerika Syarikat om United Kingdom amu mangakun do kosimbanan ngaran pogun dii tu koduo-duo pogun dii amu kasaga kokomoi kosimbanan dii tu amu goduo-duo pogun di mongumboyo koporintaan junta ii momorinta do Myanmar di nondo. Timpu di baino, ogumu tulun momoguno do ngaran Myanmar mulong pia do piipiro pogun amu asaga do pomorintaan junta id Myanmar.

Myanmar nokoidu mantad pomorintaan United Kingdom ontok 4 Januari 1948 sabaagi "Pisokodungan Burma". Kahapas di nokosimban kumaa Republik Sosialis Kesatuan Burma ontok 4 Januari 1974. Insan po kaagu nokosimban kumaa "Pisokodungan Burma" ontok 23 September 1988. Ontok 18 Jun 1989, Majlis Perlembangan minonimban ngaran kumaa "Kesatuan Myanmar".

Etimologi

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Ngaran do pogun diti nopo nga nokosiliu sabaagi do iso kobolingkangan pisongkiwalan om pisuaian pomusarahan lolobi po ontok timpuunon ohotusan ko-21 miampai torodok poinlobi kumaa katapatan politik pomogunaan ngaran Myanmar om Burma.[15][16] Koduo-duo ngaran di nopo nga nintodonon mantad hogot Burma pogulu Mranma toi ko Mramma, ii no tu etnonim montok tinimungan kogumuan etnik Burman, ii nintodonon do etimologi dau amu oilaan. Istila-istila diti nogi nga notumbayaan do nintodonon mantad hogot sanskrit Brahma Desha, 'rana do Brahma'.

Ontok toun 1989, soudor kokuasaan maya poimbantug minonimban do kopodolinan Inggilis montok kogumuan ngaran ii nintodonon mantad timpu kasaladan Burma toi ko' pogulu dau, kosuang nogi ngaran pogun dii sondii: Burma nokosiliu kumaa Myanmar.[17] Kinosimbanan do ngaran dii nopo nga iso isu di kakal po do pogibabarasan. Ogumu tinimungan pambangkang politik om etnik miampai pogun-pogun suai kakal po do momoguna "Burma" tu amu monorimo do kuasa mantad koporintaan soudor.[18]

Ngaran poimbantug do pogun di nopo nga "Republik Koisaan Myanmar' , Pyihtaungsu Thamada Myanma Naingngantaw,). Pogun-pogun di amu minanahak do kasagaan minomoguno do ngaran tanaru "Kotinanan Burma" sabaagi ponowoli.[19][20] Id boros Inggilis, pogun diti nopo nga kosoruan ointutunan sabaagi Burma toi ko' Myanmar. Id boros Burma, kopomolombusan nopo nga tumanud do rigisto' di ginuno ii no tu Bama (pronounced [bəmà]) toi ko Myamah (pronounced [mjəmà]).[21]

Dasar poimbantug labus pogun Amerika Syarikat minopotilombus do momoguno ngaran Burma mulong pia do laman web Jabatan Pogun minapatayad pogun di sabaagi Burma (Myanmar). Kotinanan Tinaru-Tinaru Miiso (PBB) minomoguno Myanmar, miagal nogi ASEAN miampai pogun-pogun miagal Australia,[22] Rusia, Jerman,[23] China, India, Bangladesh, Norway,[24] Japan,[25] Switzerland,[26] Kanada[27] om Ukraine.[28] Kogumuan media pomogunan ii mimboros do Inggilis nga momoguno do ngaran Myanmar, kohimpit do BBC,[29] CNN,[30] Al Jazeera,[31] Reuters,[32] and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)/Radio Australia.[33] Id boros Sepanyol, Itali Romania om Yunani.[34] Ointutunan Myanmar sabaagi ngaran mantad Burma. Media ii mimboros do Perancis nopo nga maya konsisten momoguno ngaran Birmanie.[35][36]

Haro agaaga siam kopomolombusan misuusuai montok ngaran Inggilis "Myanmar", om aiso tiso mantad di nokosiliu sabaagi standard. Kopomolombusan miampai duo putul boros ii insaru id komiboros poinlobi British om Amerika,[pronunciations 1] Komiboros —miagal Collins— om toud suai nogi nga minoporuput do kopomolombusan miampai tolu putul boros.[pronunciations 2][37]

Pinotolinahas di John Wells, ija'an Inggilis montok koduo-duo "Myanmar" om "Burma" minonigas do kopisuaian Inggilis okon-rhotik, hinombo hogot "r" pogulu konsonan toi ko' id tohuri do hogor popokito no do vokal tanaru: [ˈmjænmɑː, ˈbɜːmə]. Mantad di, kopomolombusan putul boros tohuri Myanmar sabaagi [mɑːr] mantad satanga momoboros id UK om kogumuan id Amerika Koibutan totopot nopo nga kopomolombusan tumanud do ija'an ii nasalaan do minamarati kumaa konvensi ija'an okon-rhotik. Mulong pia do ingkaa, kakal po do roiton Burma do [ˈbɜːrmə] mantad momoboros rhotik panangkasabab mantad kaantaban fonotaktik, tu /ɜː/ nopo nga koindalan pogulu no do /r/ id loghat-loghat dii.

Sukuon

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
  1. ↑ "Myanmar | Ethnologue Free".
  2. ↑ "Overview of Myanmar's diversity" (PDF). Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 21 May 2024. Linoyog ontok 25 May 2024.
  3. ↑ "ISP Myanmar talk shows". 15 December 2020. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 10 May 2024. Linoyog ontok 25 May 2024.
  4. ↑ "PonYate ethnic population dashboard". Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 21 May 2024. Linoyog ontok 25 May 2024.
  5. ↑ "Myanmar's Constitution of 2008" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Linoyog ontok 29 October 2017.
  6. ↑ "The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census- The Union Report: Religion" (PDF). myanmar.unfpa.org. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 29 March 2018. Linoyog ontok 3 February 2019.
  7. ↑ "ACT Health Community Profile, pg. 1" (PDF). Multicultural Health Policy Unit. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 11 April 2015. Linoyog ontok 5 August 2018.
  8. ↑ "Myanmar Junta Reshuffles Governing Body". The Irrawaddy. 2 February 2023. Linoyog ontok 6 February 2023.
  9. ↑ "Myanmar reshuffle of generals suggests 'instability,' experts say". Radio Free Asia. 26 September 2023. Linoyog ontok 2 October 2023.
  10. ↑ "Myanmar Junta Leader Reshuffles Cabinet Days After Extending Emergency Rule". The Irrawaddy. 4 August 2023. Linoyog ontok 14 February 2024.
  11. ↑ "Burma". The World Factbook (2026 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Linoyog ontok 24 September 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Myanmar)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Linoyog ontok 14 October 2023.
  13. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Linoyog ontok 13 July 2021.
  14. ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (id boros Inggilis). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Linoyog ontok 8 September 2022.
  15. ↑ "What's in a Name: Burma or Myanmar?". United States Institute of Peace (id boros Inggilis). Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 19 July 2020. Linoyog ontok 27 April 2020.
  16. ↑ "Should it be Burma or Myanmar?" (id boros Inggeris British). 26 September 2007. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 18 May 2020. Linoyog ontok 27 April 2020.
  17. ↑ Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). [[[:Templat:GBurl]] Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics]. ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series No. 33. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. pp. 43–54. ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  18. ↑ Steinberg, David I. (2002). [[[:Templat:GBurl]] Burma: The State of Myanmar]. Georgetown University Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-1-58901-285-1. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  19. ↑ Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama World Factbook
  20. ↑ "NCGUB". National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 9 September 2015. Linoyog ontok 3 May 2012.
  21. ↑ Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics. ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series No. 33. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. pp. 43–54. ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6.
  22. ↑ "Countries, economies and regions – Myanmar". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 20 September 2017. Linoyog ontok 14 September 2016.
  23. ↑ "Burma vs. Myanmar: What's in a Name". DW. 1 September 2007. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 22 March 2015. Linoyog ontok 2 August 2013.
  24. ↑ Mudditt, Jessica (19 November 2012). "Burma or Myanmar: Will the US make the switch?". Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 21 March 2013. Linoyog ontok 2 August 2013.
  25. ↑ Dittmer, Lowell (2010). Burma Or Myanmar? The Struggle for National Identity. World Scientific. p. 2. ISBN 9789814313643. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 10 August 2023. Linoyog ontok 9 August 2023.
  26. ↑ "Representations and travel advice – Myanmar". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 10 October 2017. Linoyog ontok 14 September 2016.
  27. ↑ "Canada and Myanmar relations". Government of Canada – Global Affairs Canada. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 20 November 2018. Linoyog ontok 15 November 2018.
  28. ↑ "Кабінет Міністрів України - МЗС: Відбувся перший в історії українсько-м'янманських відносин офіційний візит до Республіки Союз М'янма". www.kmu.gov.ua (id boros Ukraine). Linoyog ontok 27 October 2024.
  29. ↑ "Myanmar profile". BBC News. 16 July 2013. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 26 June 2014. Linoyog ontok 22 June 2018.
  30. ↑ "Myanmar Fast Facts". CNN. 30 July 2013. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 29 May 2017. Linoyog ontok 17 March 2014.
  31. ↑ "Myanmar blast hits anti-Muslim monk's event – Asia-Pacific". Al Jazeera. 22 July 2013. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 20 September 2017. Linoyog ontok 17 March 2014.
  32. ↑ "Myanmar". Reuters. 9 February 2009. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 27 October 2012.
  33. ↑ Woodley, Naomi (12 July 2013). "Carr apprehensive about Rohingyas' future in Myanmar". AM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 10 October 2017. Linoyog ontok 14 September 2016.
  34. ↑ "'Birmanie ou Myanmar ? Le vrai faux débat francophone' – La France en Birmanie". Ambafrance-mm.org. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 8 April 2014. Linoyog ontok 13 April 2014.
  35. ↑ "Birmanie: 87.000 Rohingyas réfugiés au Bangladesh en dix jours, selon l'ONU". L'Obs. 4 September 2017. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 9 September 2017. Linoyog ontok 9 September 2017.
  36. ↑ "L'actualité sur Birmanie par L'Obs". L'Obs. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 12 December 2017. Linoyog ontok 5 September 2017.
  37. ↑ Martha Figueroa-Clark (26 September 2007). "How to say Myanmar". Magazine Monitor. An occasional guide to the words and names in the news from Martha Figueroa-Clark of the BBC Pronunciation Unit. BBC. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 10 July 2019. Linoyog ontok 23 December 2019.


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