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Amerika Syarikat

Simbanai noputan
Mantad Wikipedia
United States of America
 
Flag
 
Coat of arms
Motto: "In God We Trust"[1]
Other traditional mottos:[2]
Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"[3]
Orthographic map of the U.S. in North America
World map showing the U.S. and its territories
CapitalWashington, D.C.
38°53′N 77°1′W / 38.883°N 77.017°W / 38.883; -77.017
Largest cityNew York City
40°43′N 74°0′W / 40.717°N 74.000°W / 40.717; -74.000
Boros rasmiNone at the federal level[lower-alpha 1]
National languageEnglish (de facto)
Tinimungan etnik
(2020)[4][5][6]
By race:
By origin:
Ugama
(2022)[7]
  • 21% unaffiliated
  • 2% Judaism
  • 6% other religion
  • 1% no answer
DemonimAmerican[lower-alpha 2][8]
GovernmentFederal presidential constitutional republic
• President
Joe Biden
Kamala Harris
Mike Johnson
John Roberts
Kotinanan perundanganCongress
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Representatives
Independence 
from Great Britain
Madas 4, 1776 (1776-07-04)
Gomot 1, 1781 (1781-03-01)
Manom 3, 1783 (1783-09-03)
Mahas 21, 1788 (1788-06-21)
Mikat 5, 1992 (1992-05-05)
Area
• Total area
Templat:Convinfobox/sec2[9] (3rd[lower-alpha 3])
•  Waig  (%)
4.66[10] (2015)
• Land area
3,531,905 sq mi (9,147,590 km2) (3rd)
Population
• 2023 estimate
Neutral increase 334,914,895[11]
• 2020 census
331,449,281[lower-alpha 4][12] (3rd)
• Density
Templat:Convinfobox/sec2 (185th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $26.950 trillion[13] (2nd)
• Per kapita
Increase $80,412[13] (9th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Ginumu
Increase $26.950 trillion[13] (1st)
• Per kapita
Increase $80,412[13] (7th)
Gini (2020)Negative increase 39.4[lower-alpha 5][14]
medium
HDI (2021)Increase 0.921[15]
very high · 21st
Mato tusinU.S. dollar ($) (USD)
Zon timpuUTC−4 to −12, +10, +11
• Summer (DST)
UTC−4 to −10[lower-alpha 6]
Date formatmm/dd/yyyy[lower-alpha 7]
Driving sideright[lower-alpha 8]
Calling code+1
Kod ISO 3166US
Internet TLD.us[16]

Amerika Syarikat nopo nga iso pogun id Amerika Koibutan. Ii nopo nga republik kiporlembagaan porsekutuan i kiwaa 50 negeri, iso watas porsekutuan om limo wilayah i au diperbadankan, 326 gana rizab indian, om 9 pulau tokoro i poinsuai-suai. Pogun diti kiginayo 9.8 riong kilometer persegi, mantad dii, nosiliu pogun diti do pogun ko-4 bobos tagayo hiti pomogunan. Pialatan pogun diti nopo nga miampai Kanada id Koibutan om Mexico id kabaatan; pialatan maritim nopo nga' popohompit do pogun Bahamas, Cuba, Rusia om ogumu po. Soginumu 331 riong tulun mogigion id suang pogun diti gisom nosiliu sabaagi pogun kotolu bobos ogumu o mogigion id pomogunan.

Pomungaranan

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Id toun 1507, tangabaal Kartografi Jerman, Martin Waldseemüller minomonsoi do iso pata pomogunan, om id suang pata dii, pinungaranan dau oo kinoyonon id Hemisfera Kotonobon sabaagi "America" miampai minomoguno ngaran pengembara om angabaal Kartografi Itali, Amerigo Vespucci.[17]

Ngaran di tinahak montok entiti pamabakan hopod om tolu bagas pomorintaan British diti nokotimpuun do pinoilo id suang do surat di kitadauwulan 2 Milatok 1776 ii pinoutus di Stephen Moylan kumaaLt. Kol. Joseph Reed, adikung George Washington maamaso Perang Revolusi Amerika.[18][19][20] Ngaran diti pinosuang di konteks rasmi id suang do Porisytiharan Kagabasan piomungan dii, “unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America” (Porisytiharan pinupakatan do hopod om tolu Pogun Amerika miamung) i notorimo do “Representatives of the united States of America” (Mongongobi Negeri-Negeri Amerika miamung) antakan di 4 Madas toun di miagal.[21]

Antakan di 15 Milau 1777, nokotorimo o Kongres Benua Kedua do Perkara-Perkara Pergabungan (Articles of Confederation) ii nakarait do, "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'" (Ngaran Piniomungan diti nopo nga' ‘Negeri-Negeri Amerika Bersatu’.) Pibatasan Perancis-Amerika di toun 1778 minomoguno do ngaran "United States of North America" (Negeri-Negeri Amerika Utara Bersatu), nga' tumimpuun 11 Madas 1778, "United States of America" id suang do bil pertukaran pogun, om mantad dii, nokosiliu miampai rasmi o pogun diti.[22]

Piagalan id suang do boros Melayu

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Pomungaranan do pogun diti id boros Melayu pinoimbulai id Hindia Timur Belanda antakan di kotimpuunon abad ko-20 maya ngaran "Amerika Serikat" - "serikat" toi ko' "sarekat" [23] boros noolos Arabic: شَرِكَة‎, romanized: syarikah ii kirati do "pitimungan (pitimbungakan, piomungan, om suai-suai po)".[23][24] Pinakakal kasari o Bahasa Indonesia do ngaran kiija'an "serikat" diti, nga' boros-boros Melayu baku suai se-Nusantara kohompit no Bahasa Malaysia lobi dominan monginruai komponen diti kumaa "syarikat" (gisom nokosiliu do "Amerika Syarikat") tumanud bontuk boros Arab sandad. [24]

Sajara

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Peribumi Amerika om Tutumombului Eropah

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Tinaru sandad Amerika Syarikat (kohompit no Alaska) noilaan do minundaliu Asia, lobi kuang 12,000 - 40,000 toun di pogulu.[25] Haro i pialatan diolo do nakaanu popoingkakat do pomutanaman di nokoburu, miagal do kebudayaan Mississippi pra-Columbus. Mantad kinorikatan do tulun Eropah montok mion id benua Amerika, ogumu tulun sandad Amerika napatai gama do noontok toruuruol di nokosuang miagal do cacar air.[26]

Ilustrasi kapal Mayflower mongowit mogigidu mantad Puritan id pomgun wagu maamaso toun 1620 (The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor oleh William Halsall, 1882).

Antakan di toun 1492, songulun monompogunan mantad Genoa, Christopher Columbus, id siriba kontrak pomorintahan Sepanyol, nokoihum do piipiro pulau id Karibia, om nokoromut miampai tulun sandad montok di kumoinsan nogi. Antakan di 2 Ngiop 1513, konkuistador Sepanyol, Juan Ponce de León tinumindal id kinoyonon di pinungaranan do "La Florida"— ponuatan di kumoinsan kokomoi kinorikatan tulun Eropah id gana tagayo AS. Kinoyonon Sepanyol id kinoyonon diti nopo nga' tinanud do kinoyonon kabaatan kotonobon AS i nakaanu minamagayat ogumu tulun mantad Mexico.

Tumataran hulu Perancis minonuridong do kota kara Perancis Baru id posorili Tasik-Tasik Tagayo Amerika Utara; maid-laid, pokionuon do Perancis o soboogian tagayo pononsokid do bonuua diti gisom do Teluk Mexico. Tulun Inggiris di nokopogulu nakaanu pinopoingkakat do tionon ii otutunan sabaagi do Koloni Virginia id Jamestown antakan di toun 1607, sinuhut do Koloni Plymouth di golongan Pilgrim antakan di toun 1620. Antakan di toun 1628, Koloni Teluk Massachusetts nokotorimo piagam dau gisom nakaanu mamagayat lakun koundolihon; antakan di toun 1634, lobi kuang 10, 000 tulun Puritan minion id New England. Maamaso koompokon do 1610-an gisom timpu Revolusi Amerika, lobi kuang 50,000 banduan pinaatod kumaa koloni British id Amerika.[27] Tumimpuun do toun 1614, minion o tulun Belanda id sorili panansawa Sungai Hudson, kohompit no New Amsterdam id Pulau Manhattan.

Antakan di toun 1674, pinatahak do Belanda o kinoyonon dau id Amerika kumaa England, mantad dii, kinoyonon Belanda Wagu noonuan do ngaran wagu ii otutunan sabaagi do New york. Ogumu mumundaliu wagu, lobi-lobi no id Ponongsiba, nopo nga' kuli-kontrak - lobi kuang duo mantad tolu koinsanai mumundaliu mantad Virginia di toun 1630 gisom 1680.[28] Mintonod do abad ko-18, susuhuon mantad Afrika nokosiliu do toud kopio do mongindapou poingkogos. Mantad nogi pomboogian Carolina (1929) om pomorintaan di Georgia (1732), noturidong o 13 pomorintaan British di kaanu mombontuk Amerika Syarikat. Toinsanan porintaan dii kiharo pomorinta momogun ii nopili do kogumuan tongokusai di obibas, ogirot o tonggom kumaa hak orang Inggeris kuno miampai kipomorintaan sondii, gisom nakaanu minongunsub do sunduan republikanisme. Perdagangan hamba Afrika amu antaban id toinsanan pomorintaan. Gama do akawas kadar kosusuan, osiriba kadar kapatayon om kinorikatan do mumundaliu di osonong, ginumu mogigion id kinoyonon pomorintaan nopo nga' gumumu. Koguraan kinoingkakatan Kristian antakan di toun 1730-an gisom 1740-an, notutunan sabaagi do Kinoningkakaton Tagayo montok mamagayat rahi kumaa kotumbayaan om kobibasan kiugama. Id suang do Perang Perancis dan Indian, soudor British minagahau Kanada mantad do Perancis, nga' kinoyonon momoboros boros Perancis kakal po do okoro mantad ko' pomorintaan id Ponongsiba. Koinsanai 13 pomorintaan dii nion do 2.6 riong tulun antakan di toun 1770, kopiagal do iso mantad tolu mogigion id Britain, amu kohompi to tinaru Momogun (“Indian”); lobi kuang iso mantad limo mogigion Amerika diti nopo nga' susuhuon ii kikulit toitom.[29] Hali pia sansagan do mambayar cukai kumaa pomorintaan British, mogigion koloni Amerika amu nakaanu mongongobi id Parlimen Great Britain.

Kagabasan om Ponginlaaban

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Intangai nogi: Revolusi Amerika and Perang Revolusi Amerika
Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan oleh John Trumbull, 1817–18

Pisongkiwalan do mogigion koloni Amerika om British maamaso timpu Revolusi Amerika di toun 1760-an om koimpuunon do 1770-an, nokopogowit do Pisangadan Revolusi Amerika mantad di toun 1775 gisom 1781. Antakan di 14 Mahas 1775, Kongres Kebenuaan ii pinaharo id kakadayan Philadelphia, minonuridong do Tentera Kebenuaan ii pinuruan di George Washington. Miampai porisytiharan do "setiap manusia diciptakan sama taraf" i noonuan do "hak-hak di amu milo olimon," minonorimo o Kongres do Porisytiharan Kagabasan ii diningkai, lobi-lobi no i Thomas Jefferson, antakan di 4 Madas 1776. Antakan do tadauwulan diti no Tadau Kagabasan Amerika Syarikat royohon monikid toun. Antakan di toun 1777 Perkara-Perkara Pergabungan minonuridong do iso karajaan miamung i opihoi om nokoingkakat gisom no toun 1789.

Kalapas do naala o British kumaa soudor Amerika miampai ponguhupan do Perancais, Great Britain nokosokodung do kagabasan Amerika Syarikat om kedaulatan pogun-pogun di id wilayah Amerika id barat Sungai Mississippi. Iso konvensyen perlembagaan noulud di toun 1787 do pihak di manu monuridong kerajaan kabansaan ii ogirot om kuasa mongontok do cukai. Noratifikasi o Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat antakan di toun 1788. Mantad dii, Senat om Dewan Perwakilan kumoiso republik wagu diti, om presidennya, George Washington, minongigit tonggungan diolo sondii di toun 1789. Pogokunan Hak om mogodu tantob kumaa kosimbayanan sondii om mamadamin mogikaakawo koumoligan kooturan do kerajaan persekutuan, notorimo di toun 1791.

Pondirian kumaa perhambaan mimpuun no di sumimban; haro iso fasal id suang do Perlembagaan ii manamong do susuhuon Afrika gisom toun 1808. Pogun-pogun Utara minanalob do woyo tulun susuhuon antakan di toun 1780 gisom 1804, om pogun-pogun Selatan po i noolu sabaagi do negeri hamba i mantamong do "institusi khusus" diti. Koingkakatan Tagayo Kumoinduo i nokoimpuun maamaso toun 1800, poposiliu do evangelikalisme popogura koguraan ponginwoguan miagal do faham penghapusan.

Pongonuan wilayah tumanud tadauwulan

Kosionuan Amerika Syarikat montok lumaab kumaa id barat pinopoimbulai do sanrataian pisangadan ii mitilombus miampai tinaru Indian. Pembelian Louisiana mantad wilayah pokionuon do Perancis id siriba do pomorintaan Presiden Thomas Jefferson di toun 1803 sorokuukuri pinopotuntun do kalaaban pogun. Perang 1812 ii noisytihar kumaa Britain gama do ogumu amu kasanangan mantad koduo-duo pihak, gisom nopupusan do miagal, popogirot kawagu do sunduan kabansaan AS. Sangod monigowo mantad tantara AS kumaa Florida i miguli-guli minononsog do Sepanyol montok papatahak pogun dii om wilayah Pantai Teluk suai i pinokianu mantad di toun 1819. Mongugad mogigion peribumi miampai agayo id rantau selatan antakan di 1830-an ii pinungaranan do "Jejak Bertangisan" (Trail of Tears) nopo nga' iso poomitanan dasar penyingkiran Indian ii minagahau gana nionon do tulun momogun. Pinoilhak do Amerika Syarikat o Republik Texas antakan di toun 1845. Anatakan do timpu dii nogi, konsep “Masa Depan Tersurat” (Manifest Destiny) nakaanu kopomoromitan di osonong kopio. [30] Perjanjian Oregon 1846 miampai Britain minogowit do ponguasaan wilayah i otutunan sabaagi do Barat Laut Amerika Syarikat dinondo. Kalantayon do AS id suang do pisangadan Mexico mononsog do Mexiceo papatahak do pogun California om soboogian tagayo Barat Daya Amerika di toun 1848. Kerubut Emas California antakan di toun 1848–49 mongunsub do koundolihon kumaa barat, pinoinsonong maya pinamansayan do wayaan koritapu wagu, nga' minamaraat do pisongkiwalan miampai mogigion Amerika. Solinaid lobi sampapas abad, somok do 40 riong tinan bison Amerika kinorot montok kulit om tonsi, om monginsonong do koinlaaban wayaan koritapui. Kinoingkurian do populasi bison diti, toud utama koposion tinaru Indian dataran, popoimbulai korutumon montok koubasanan pribumi diti.

Sangod Internal om Pongindustrian

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Intangai nogi: Perang Saudara Amerika and Perang Sepanyol–Amerika Syarikat
Pertempuran Gettysburg, litograf di Currier & Ives, ca. 1863

Pisongkiwalan do pogun tulun susuhuon om "pogun obibas" nokorikot id dunto soira haro pisongkiwalan kokomoi pionitan do kerajaan pogun om porsekutuan, om nogi kakasahon gama do kinoinlaabon do monunuhu tulun id pogun-pogun wagu. Abraham Lincoln, mingkakat montok Parti Republikan i mangada kopio do momunuhu tulun suai, nopili sabaagi do presiden antakan di toun 1860. Amu po isio nakapangakat batos, turu pogun tulun susuhuon pinopoisytihar do piadaan mantad AS (hali pia amu nookunan do kooturan kerajaan perseketuan} om minombontuk do Pogun Piomungan do Amerika. Kalapas do sinangod o Fort Sumter do Piomungan, kotimpuun o Perang Saudara Amerika om apat pogun tulun susuhuon minamung do Piomungan dii. Pengisytiharan Pembebasan ii pinoilo di Lincoln di toun 1863 pinopoisytihar do kobibasan tulun susuhuon id pogun-pogun Piomungan. Kalapas nakalantoi o Piomungan di toun 1865,tolu pindaan winonsoi id suang do Perlembagaan AS montok mamadamin kobibasan montok apat orang Amerika Afrika ii susuhuon solinaid di,[31] om manahak kowarganegaraan om hak mongundi kumaa diolo. Pisangadan dii om ponguyadan nokopogoit do kinoingkawason id suang do kuasa persekutuan AS.[32]

Mumundaliu id Pulau Ellis, Pelabuhan New York, 1902

Kalapas do pisangadan, kinaantakan pamatayan di Lincoln pinoporadikal dasar-dasar Pamansayan Kawagu parti Republikan i kitudu montok popiiso om momonsoi kawagu pogun-pogun Kabaatan miampai mamadamin hak-hak tinaru susuhuon ii wagu nogi nokoidu. Hali pia miagal dii, pinonguyadan do pisongkiwalan pilihanraya presiden 1876 do Kompromi 1877 minoningkod do proses Pamansayan Kawagu; sinuhut do undang-undang Jim Crow ii minongidu hak mongundi tulun Afrika. Id Koibutan, proses pambandaran om kosuangon mumundaliu miampai soroguugumu mantad Eropah Selatan om Kosilahon pinoposikap pengindustrian pogun diti. Gelombang koundolihon ii nokotilombus gisom toun 1929, popotounda do tenaga karaja di kabagal miampai monimban turos koubasanan do Amerika. Pongingkakatan prasarana pogun mongunsub do pongingkakatan ekonomi. Pomolian Alaska mantad Rusia di toun 1867 minomogonop do ponginlaaban gana tagayo pogun. Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Wounded Knee di toun 1890 nopo nga' konflik kikakamot tagayo di kotohuri id rantaian Sangod Indian. Antakan di toun 1893, pomorintah kiraja pribumi id Kerajaan Hawaii id Rahat Pasifik, noidu gama do nasaladan kuasa mantad do mogigion Amerika; AS pinopoilhak do kopulauan dii antakan di toun 1898. Antakan do toun di miagal, kalantayon sangod kumaa Sepanyol pinopokito do AS sabaagi iso kuasa pomogunan miampai pinopomilo do pogun di minongilhak do Puerto Rico, Guam, om Filipina.[33] Nakaanu o Filipina do kagabasan kalapas do opintanga abad; Puerto Rico om Guam kakal sabaagi wilayah AS.

Sangod Pomogunan om Kinorotuan Major

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Intangai nogi: Kemelesetan Besar di Amerika Syarikat
Iso pomutanaman di poinlogod id Dakota Kabaatan gama do kinaantakan Dust Bowl, 1936

Maamaso nokotimpuun o Sangod Pogun Kumoiso di toun 1914, minaganu o Amerika Syarikat do pondirian sinumusuai. Ogumu mogigion Amerika osianan do British om Perancis, nga' ogumu nogi amu osokodung do humompit o AS.[34] Antakan di toun 1917, Amerika Syarikat Pihak Poingkogos montok monguhup mangala do Kuasa Pusat. Kalapas do pisangadan, amu moratifikasi o Senat do Persetiaan Versilles i pinopohimagon do Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, nga' minomoguno do dasar unilateralisme i osomok do pinopousuk do pogun mantad hal-ehwal pomogunan.[35] Antakan di toun 1920, koguraan hak koonduan pinapalantoi do pindaan perlembagaan i manahak do hak mongundi kumaa koonduan. Koimogoton di nawayaan maamaso 1920-an nopupusan soira Kejatuhan Wall Street 1929 minongimbulai do Kemelesetan Tagayo. Kalapas nopili sabaagi presiden di toun 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt pinopoindalan do dasar-dasar New Deal ii pinopogirot do kohompitan karajaan id suang do ekonomi. Kinaantakan Dust Bowl di pintangaan toun 1930-an minongunsub do ogumu komuniti mororobuat mosikin pinopoimbulai do gelombang wagu montok mundaliu id boogian kotonobon.

Askar Divisyen Infantri Kumoiso Tentera A.S tinumampo id Normandy di D-Day, 6 Madas 1944

Amerika Syarikat ii kakal sinumusuai id kotimpuunon Sangod Pogun Kumoduo soira Jerman Nazi minanangod do Poland antakan di Manom 1939, nokotimpuun do manahak kaakmot mata kumaa Pihak Berikat id kotimpuunon do Gomot 1941 maya palan Lend-Lease. Antakan di 7 Momuhau 1941, pinotimpuun do Empayar Jepun o panangadan sikog kumaa Pearl Harbor, gisom minongunsub do AS mamung id Pihak Berikat montok manangod do kuasa Paksi miampai momusus ribuan tulun i sinakagon do Jepun id suang do pogun.[36] Kohompitan do AS id pisangadan mongunsub do pelaburan modal om mongingayo do kapasiti industri. Nosiliu o AMerika Syarikat sabaagi do iso no pogun di panangod di apangkal i nokosiliu lobi kiharo-haro gama do pisangadan diti, kopiadang do pogun-pogun suai di mosikin.[37] Persidangan Pihak Berikat id Bretton Woods om Yalta minamagarit do sistem pertubuhan sompomogunan wagu ii popoili do AS om Kesatuan Soviet sabaagi tumpuan di apangkal montok ahal ehwal pomogunan. Kalapasd do kinalantayon sangod id Eropah, iso persidangan sompomogunan pinaharo id San Francisco di toun 1945, montok monoodo do Piagam Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu ii tinunimpuunan kalapas do sangod.[38] Pinopoingkakat do senjata nuklear kumoiso id pomogunan o AS montok popoloput kakadayan-kakadayan tagayo Hiroshima om Nagasaki di wulan Magus. Minongkiala o Jepun di 2 Manom, om kopupusai no pisangadan.[39]

Perang Dingin om Pigagaan Politik

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Intangai nogi: Perang Dingin and Perang Vietnam
Martin Luther King, Jr. pinapasampai do booboroson "Saya Mempunyai Impian", 1963

Kalapas do Sangod Pogun Kumoinduo, miniahau o Amerika Syarikat om Kesatuan montok kikuasa id suang do Perang Dingin, mendominasi hal-ehwal katantaraan Eropah maya NATO om Pakatan Warsaw. Pinoposuni o AS do demokrasi liberal om kapitalisme, om pihak Soviet pinoposuni do korotian komunisme om longkod di ekonomi napalan. Koduo-duo pihak manahak sokodung kumaa karajaan diktator om hinumompit id suang do sangod proksi. Tantara Amerika sinumaap do China Komunis id suang do Sangod Korea di toun 1950–53. Jawatankuasa Kegiatan Bukan Amerika House pinopoindalan do ponoriukan mogisusuhut kumaa rorormu-roromu subversi wayaan wanan, om Senator Joseph McCarthy nokosiliu lundu sentimen anti-komunis di apangkal.

Kohimaganan kotuludan tulun kumoiso id tawan do puru Soviet di toun 1961, minongunsub do Presiden John F. Kennedy montok poposiliu AS sabaagi pogun kumoiso pinapatampo tulun id tulan; nagamit iti di toun 1969. Kennedy nogi nga' tumoguang do pisangadan nuklear di agaras kopio miampai kuasa Soviet id Cuba. Id timpuu dii nogi, momoroso o AS do koponginlaaban ekonomi di osonong kopio. Iso koguraan hak awam ii pinopokito om pinuruan do tinaru Amerika Afrika miagal do i Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Jr., om James Bevel, momoguno ralan miampai aiso korongitan montok mangala do pomisuayan om diskriminasi tinaru. Mantad nogi pinamatayan di John F. Kennedy di toun 1963, Akta Hak Awam 1964 om Akta Hak Mengundi 1965 pinasaga id siriba pomuruanan di Presidan Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson om monowoli disio, Richard Nixon, pinopoinlaab sangod proksi id Asia Kabaatan Kosilahon id suang do Perang Vietnam ii amu monokodung do AS. Kinoinlaabon do koguraan koubasanan saingan i nounsub do sumaa kumaa sangod Vietnam, nasionalisme kulit hitam, om revolusi seks. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, om suai-suai pinopotilombus do gelombang feminisme wagu ii mongobi do kopiagalan politik, sosial om ekonomi montok koonduan.

Bagas skandal Watergate di toun 1974, Nixon nosiliu presiden AS kumoiso i tinumingkod sabaagi presiden montok mongilag do pangagaan kumaa panandasan monalob proses gompongotus om manansala kuasa, om pinapatahak jawatan diti kumaa Naib Presiden Gerald Ford. Pontadbiran Jimmy Carter di koompokon 1970-an noborulong do stagflasi om krisis tebusan Iran. Pomilian Ronald Reagan sabaagi presiden di toun 1980 papasaba[ do nokosimban o ralan politik AS kumaa wanan, ii pinopokito do kosimbanan tagayo id suang do kapangkalan porcukaian om porbalanjaan. Nokointong isido skandal Iran-Contra antakan di penggal kumoduo om lobi ogirot piombolutan diplomatik miampai Kesatuan Soviet. Nopupusan o Perang Dingin soira natatak o Soviet.

Kawawagu

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Intangai nogi: Serangan 11 September 2001 and Perang Terhadap Keganasan
World Trade Center antakan do timpu kosuabon di 11 Manom 2001

Id siriba do puruan di George H. W. Bush, AS mongigit do tonggungan apangkal id suang do Perang Teluk miampai kasagaan mantad PBB. Ponginlaaban ekonomi bobos talaid id sajara moden AS - mantad Gomot 1991 gisom Gomot 2001 - poinhangkum do timpu pontadbiran Bill Clinton om gelembung dot-com.[40] Kinaantakanpokionuon mahkamah awam om skandal seks papasabap do na'aga i Clinton di toun 1998, nga' nakalantoi isio do monoguang om papakakal do jawatan dau. Pilihan raya presiden 2000, i opitotos kopio id sajara AS, pinouyad di koutuson Mahkamah Agung AS do i George W. Bush, tanak di George H. W. Bush, nosiliu sabaagi presiden.

Anatakan di 11 Manom 2001, gorongit al-Qaeda minanangod do World Trade Center id kakadayan tagayo New York City om The Pentagon somok do Washington, D.C., papasabap somok do tolu noribu tulun napatai.Sabaagi ponuli, kopimpinan Bush pipohimagon do Perang Terhadap Keganasan sompomogunan. Antakan di Gumas 2001, tantaraa AS minomuruan do sangod kumaa Afghanistanmontok mamaratu do karajaan Taliban om mogihum do kiim pinludaan al-Qaeda; gisom baino, kakal po yolo sumangod do gurongit Taliban id suang do sangod gerila. Antakan di toun 2002, tumimpuun no karajaan Bush do monuhu perubahan rejim id Iraq gama do sabap-sabap di noponu do kontroversi.[41] Miampai aiso sokodung do NATO toi ko' mandat PBB montok humompit id katantaraan, pinapaanjul o Bush do “pilangatan puru di kasaga” (piralatan kasagaan); angkatan piralatan diti minanangod do Iraq di toun 2003 om nakalantoi do minamaratu diktator Saddam Hussein. Antakan di toun 2005, Taufan Katrina papasabap do kinorubakan soninaru do rantau Kotogisan Teluk, gisom minomirumbak do kakadayan New Orleans.Antakan di 4 Milau 2008, id suang doeconomic recession, pinoingkakat i Barack Obama sabaagi presiden sakag Afrika kumoiso id AS. Antakan di toun 2010, minogintong isio do kopoindalanan ponginwoguan panamangan kolidasan om sistem kousinan miampai agayo. Kinaantakan miak nasaug Deepwater Horizon id Teluk Mexico i nokotimpuun di Ngiop 2010 nokosiliu do koligaganan miak i bobos agayo id sajara pomogunan.[42]

Geografi

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Main article: Geografi Amerika Syarikat
Imej satelit i popokito do topografi tanah besar Amerika Syarikat

Linaab tindal tanah besar Amerika Syarikat kiro-kiro 1.9 bilion ekar (770 riong hektar). Pogun Alaska i poinsuusuai mantad do gana tagayo miampai Kanada, nopo nga' pogun bobos tagayo miampai ginayo 365 riong ekar (150 riong hektar). Pogun Hawaii id iso kepulauan id pintangaan do Pasifik id kabaatan kotonobon Amerika Utara, kiharo lobi 4 riong ekar tanah (1.6 riong hektar).[43] Amerika Syarikat nopo nga' pogun kotolu toi ko' kaapat bobos tagayo id ginumu kogoyoon (tindal om rahat), sumuhut do Rusia om Kanada, om hino id pogulu toi ko' dohuri do China. Amu oilaan kopio o kodudukan diti sbap do ponipangan duo wilayah ii pioduhan do China om India, om ralan ponipangan ginumu kogoyoon Amerika Syarikat: CIA World Factbook pinopoilo do 3,794,101 watu piniapat (9,826,675 km2),[44]nga'Bahagian Statistik PBB pinopoilo 3,717,813 sq mi (9,629,091 km2),[45] om Encyclopædia Britannica gives 3,676,486 sq mi (9,522,055 km2).[46] Untuk ginayo tindal nogi, Amerika Syarikat nopo nga' kotolu agayo id dohuri do Rusia om China, nga' id gulu do Kanada.[47]

Banjaran Teton, soboogian do Pergunungan Rocky

Dataran disan rahat Atlantik manahak ralan kumaa gouton daun luruh ii osodu id dusok, om konuluhan id Piedmont. Pergunungan Appalachian popitongkiad do rahat kosilahon miampai Tasik-Tasik Besarom gana kisakot Midwest. Sungai Mississippi–Missouri, sistom baang kaapat bobos tanaru id pomogunan, lumuyung mantad koibutan kumaa kabaatan id taatanga do pogun. Kinoyonon prairie ii apatau om oruak id Great Plains kumaa kotonobon, nga' naapad do iso kinoyonon gana takawas id kabaatan kosilahon. Pergunungan Rocky, id disan kotonobon do Great Plains, poinguyad do pogun id koibutan gison kabaatan, nokorikot do altitud 14,000 kaki (4,300 m) id pogun do Colorado. Osodu id kotonobon, hinonggo poingiliu o Lembangan Besar ii kowotuan om kinoyonon gurun miagal do Mojave. Banjaran nulu Sierra Nevada om Cascade nokorikot gisom id kotogisan Pasifik. Id kinawas do 20,320 kaki (6,194 m), Gunung McKinley id Alaska nopo nga' timpak bobos takawas id pogun om nogi Amerika Utara. Gunung berapipoimpasi nopo nga' ogumu id kopulauan Alexander om Aleut id Alaska, om nogi kopulauan Hawaii. Gunung berapi super nopo nga' id siriba do Taman Negara Yellowstone id konuluhan Rocky nopo nga' kowoowoyoon nulu kitapui bobos tagayo id benua diti. [48]

Helang botak, tombolog kabansaan AS mantad po di toun 1782

Gama do ginayo om kopogikaakawaan geografi, pogun Amerik Syarikat papahangkum do mogisuusuai kawo iklim. Id kosilahon meridian ko-100, kowoowoyoon iklim nopo nga' kebenuaan asagub id koibutan gisom do subtropika asagub di selatan. Id tompok do kabaatan Florida nopo nga' kiiklim tropikas, miagal nogi id pogun Hawaii. Rantau Great Plains id kotonobon medidian ko-100 nopo nga' kiiklim sampapas gersang. Kogumuan konuluhon id Kotonobon kiiklim alp. Id Lembangan Besar nopo nga' ki'iklim gersang, miagal nogi id kinoyonon Kabaatan Kotonobon, Mediterranean id kotogisan California, om karahatan id kotogisan Oregon om Washington, om kabaatan Alaska. Soboogian tagayo do pogun Alaska kiiklim do kutub toi ko' subartik. Kowoowoyoon tawan di ototos kopio nopo nga' omu insaru awayaan - pogun-pogun id disan do Teluk Mexico kotoguang do tongustaufan, om kogumuan puting beliung id pomogunan awayaan id pogun diti, lobi-lobi po Tornado Alley id Midwest.[49]

Ekologi Amerika Syarikat nopo nga' "megadiversiti": lobi kuang 17,000 spesies tumbuhan pembuluh haro id gana tagayo AS om Alaska, om lobi 1,800 spesies tumbuhan berbunga nabantalan id Hawaii, hinonggo soboogian tokoro nopo nga' id gana tagayo. [50] Amerika Syarikat nopo nga' ionon lobi ko' 400 mamalia, 750 tombolog om 500 spesis reptilia om amfibia.[51] Lobi kuang 91,000 spesies songongi naanu do numaan porihalo id AS.[52] Akta Haiwan Terancam 1973 momogompi do spesies-spesies oumpuronok om habitat diti nopo nga' piintangan do Perkhidmatan Ikan dan Hidupan Liar Amerika Syarikat. Haro 58 taman pogun om ratusan taman suai om gouton pinoopi di surupuon do puru kikuasa porsokutuan.[53] Koinsanai nopo, kerajaan nopo nga' haro 28.8% ginayo do tindal pogun.[54] Kogumuan kinoyonon dii nopo nga' umoligan nga' soboogian nopo nga' numaan pajako montok mongukad miak om gas, perlombongan, pongingkoyuan, toi ko' pomiaraan do lembu; 2.4% gunoon montok tudu katantaraan.[54]

Kerajaan

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Main articles: Kerajaan persekutuan Amerika Syarikat and Pilihan raya di Amerika Syarikat
Turos kotonobon Kapitol Amerika Syarikat, i popoili do Kongres Amerika Syarikat.

Amerika Syarikat nopo nga' pogun persekutuan bobos talaid ii haro hiti id pogun. Pogun diti nopo nga' iso kerajaan republik berperlembagaan om demokrasi berperwakilan, "hinonggo pemerintahan majoriti pinolomok do hak minoriti i umoligon do undang-undang."[55] Kerajaan AS manamong do sistom pangantaban on ponipangan i natakrif do Perlembagaan AS, iso dokumen porundangan bobos takawas id pogun. Koubasan nopo, id sistom porsekutuan AS, mogigion nopo nga' moyo kumaa tolu taang kerajaan, ii otutunan do porsekutuan, pogun om kinoyonon diri; tonggungan do kerajaan kinoyonon binabak kumaa kerajaan kaunti om perbandaran. Koinsoruan, pegawai eksekutif om porundangan pinili do rakyat tumanud do undian bobos togumu id monikid watas. Aiso perwakilan berkadarid taang porsekutuan, om okuri kopio orubaan id taang siriba.

Turos kabaatan Rumah Putih, kinoyonon kumaraja om tionon do presiden AS.

Kerajaan porsekutuan nopo nga' abaagi kumaa tolu rapang:

Turos Kotonobon Bangunan Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat.

Dewan Perwakilan nopo nga' haro 435 tulun surupu mongundi, monikid tulun mongobi do iso watas kongres montok penggal duo toun. Timpohon-timpohon Dewan pinotikid tumanud ginumu mogigion monikid pogun, insan monikid hopod toun. Tumanud do banci 2000, turu pogun nopo nga' haro minimun iso mongobi, om California nopo nga' kiwaa 53 mongobi tu' ogumu kopio mogigion id pogun dii. Senat nopo nga' haro 100 surupu, duo tulun senator mantad monikid pogun, i pinili do toinsanan mogigion pogun montok penggal onom toun; iso pertolu timpohon Senat piboion id suang di pilian raya mitoyung sontoun. Presiden borkhidmat montok penggal apat taun om milo pilion au kolobi do induo. Presiden amu pinili miampai undian potilombus, nga' maya do sistom badan pomilian au mitilombus, om hinonggo undian-undian pointantu pinotikid tumanud pogun. Mahkamah Agung i pinuruan do Ketua Hakim Amerika Syarikat, haro siam surupu i borkhidmat solinaid poimpasi.

Kerajaan pogun nogi nga' lobi kuang miagal o struktur dau; don pogun Nebraska no haro tinan porundangan ekadewan. Gabenor (luguan eksekutif) monikid pogun pinili do mogigion miampai potilombus. Sasatanga gompongotus pogum om pegawai kabinet pinoingkakat do gabenor pogun sondii, om i suai nopo nga' pilion do pongundi.

Toinsanan undang-undang om prosedur kerajaan tumanud kumaa ponoriukan kawagu do gompongotus. Hinggo-hinggo undang-undang i noilaan do amu koontok do Perlembagaan nopo nga' amu pasagaon. Teks mantad Porlembangaan nopo na' pinapatatap do struktur om tonggungan kerajaan porseketuan om pionitan miampai monikid pogun. Perkara Koiso mongumolig do "writ besar" habeas corpus, om Perkara Kotolu mamadamin do hak maganu perbicaraan juri montok toinsanan kes jenayah. Pindaan-pindaan id Porlembagaan nuru do kasagaan mantad tolu perapat pogun. Porlembagaan AS nokoundaliu soginumu in-27; hopod pongundolihan osopung i mombontuk do Perakuan Hak, om Pindaan Kohopod om Apat mombontuk landas apangkal hak soosongulun warga AS.

Parti, ideologi, om politik

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Main article: Politik Amerika Syarikat
04 Magus 1983, Presiden AS ko-40 Ronald Reagan om Nancy Reagan minitabi miampai bakal Presiden AS ko-45 Donald Trump id Rumah Putih

Politik Amerika Syarikat pinopointanga do sistem dua parti solinaid sajara. Montok jawatan pilion id kogumuan taang, pilihan raya pendahuluan tadbiran pogun momili mingkakat parti apangkal montok [pilihan raya umum]] potilombus. Mantad pilihan raya umum 1856, parti-partiapangkal nopo nga' Parti Demokrat i pinoimagon di toun 1824, om Parti Republikan i pinoimagon di toun 1854. Mantad Pisangadan Saudara, songulun no mingkakat presiden parti kotolu—bagas presiden Theodore Roosevelt i miniala sabaagi surupu Progresif id suang do Pilihan Raya Presiden Amerika Syarikat 1912—nakalantoi soginumu 20% undian awam.

Id suang do budaya politik AS, Parti Republikan nointangan sabaagi parti waya wanan tanga toi ko' "konservatif", om Parti Demokrat waya gibang tanga toi ko' "liberal". Pogun-pogun Koibutan Kosilahon om Kotogisan Kotonobon, om piipiro pogun Tasik-Tasik Besar, i otutunan do "pogun obulou", nantandasan do kikorotian liberal, kopiadang do "pogun aragang" id Kabaatan om soboogian Dataran Tagayo om Konuluhan Rocky i konservatif.

Piboogian politik

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Main article: Negeri di Amerika Syarikat

Amerika Syarikat nopo nga' iso koisaan persekutuan 50 pogun. 13 pogun mantad nopo nga' sakag do 13 koloni i sumongkiwal do pomorintaan British. Id kotimpuunon do sajara pogun, tolu pogun wagu nakaasil id suang do wilayah di binabak mantad pokionuon pogun-pogun haro mantad, i otutunan sabaagi do: Kentucky mantad Virginia; Tennessee mantad Carolina Utara; om Maine mantad Massachusetts. Kogumuan pogun-pogun suai noukab id suang do wilayah di naanu maya pisangadan toi ko' binoli do pomorinta AS. Vermont, Texas, om Hawaii nopo nga' koumbal nokosiliu do republik obibas sobolum sinumuang do koisaan diti. Maamaso Perang Saudara Amerika, Virginia Barat sinumoliwan mantad pogun do Virginia. Toinsanan pogun aiso hak montok sumoliwan mantad koisaan.

Somok toinsanan tindal AS nion do pogun-pogun dau; om i lobi nopo nga' poinhangkum id Watas Columbia, watas porsokutuan hinonggo hilo no o ibu pogun, Washington; om Atol Palmyra, iso wilayah piomungan i aiso mogigion id Karahatan Pasifik. Haro nogi limo wilayah soborong rahat apangkal do AS i otutunan sabaagi do Puerto Rico om Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Syarikat id Karibia; om Samoa Amerika, Guam, om Kepulauan Mariana Utara id Karahatan Pasifik. Isai-isai nopo i nosusu id wilayah-wilayah apangkal dii (suai ko' Samoa Amerika) mongigit do mamasok AS. Mogigion AS i poingion id wilayah-wilayah di nopo nga' onuan do ogumu hak om tonggungan di miagal do poingion id pogun-pogun, nga' poiduon kanto yolo do cukai koonuan porsekutuan, amu milo mongundi presiden, toi ko' haro mongobi miampai aiso kuasa undi id kongres.[56]

AlabamaAlaskaAmerican SamoaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareFloridaGeorgiaGuamHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaNorthern Mariana IslandsOhioOklahomaOregonPuerto RicoPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUnited States Virgin IslandsUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyomingDelawareMarylandNew HampshireNew JerseyMassachusettsConnecticutDistrict of ColumbiaWest VirginiaPuerto RicoUnited States Virgin IslandsGuamNorthern Mariana IslandsAmerican SamoaVermontRhode Island

Pionitan labus om tantara

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Main article: Dasar luar Amerika Syarikat
Setiausaha Pogun Mike Pompeo nokopiruba do Montiri Labus Pogun mantad Jepun om Korea Selatan id 15 Mansak 2020

.

Amerika Syarikat nopo nga' ogirot rahung dau id gana do ekonomi, politik om katantaraan id pointongkop pogun. AS diti nopo nga' iso surupu kakal do Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu; id Kakadayan Tagayo New York hinonggo pogiliu di Ibu Pejabat UN. Nokosiliu o AS sabaagi surupu tinimungan G8, G20, om Pertubuhan Kerjasama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi (OECD). Osomok no do toinsanan pogun id pomogunan mingongukab do kedutaan id Washington, D.C., om nogi konsulat mantad pointongkop pogun. Mantad dii, osomok do toinsanan pogun haro pinopoiliu do misi diplomatik AS. Pogun-pogun di aiso id pionitan diplomatik miampai AS kohompit no Cuba, Iran, Korea Utara, Bhutan, Sudan, om Republik China (Taiwan).

AS nopo nga' haro "hubungan istimewa" miampai United Kingdom[57] om nogi piromutan di ogirot miampai Kanada,Australia, New Zealand, Jepun, Korea Selatan om Israel. Ogirot nogi pisokodungan diolo miampai do surupu-surupu NATO di suai kokomoi do isu-isu katantaraan om koumoligan, om nogi miampai pogun-pogun sampaping maya do Pertubuhan Negara-Negara Amerika dan pibatasan pordagangan obibas miagal do Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Utara miampai Kanada om Mexico. Antakan di toun 2008, pinopotunui o AS do porbelanjaan oborisi soginumu $25.4 bilion montok ponguhupan pombangunan rasmi, i bobos ogumu id pomogunan. Hali pia miagal di, sabaagi pogiilangan do koonuan pogun kasar, ponoluadan AS soginumu 0.18% nopo nga' bobos tosiriba kopiadang do 22 pogun monoluod suai. Nga' ginumu do tinahak miampai minsoosondii do mogigion Amerika nopo nga' arayou kopio.[58]

Kapal induk pesawat udara USS Abraham Lincoln

Presiden mongigit do jawatan panglima tagayo montok toinsanan angkatan kisanjata pogun i popoingkakat do luguan diolo, Setiausaha Pertahanan om Luguan Turus Miampai. Jabatan Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat montadbir angkatan-angkatan kisanjata, kohompit no do Tantara Tindal, Rahat, Marin, om Udara. Tinimungan Mongungumolig Kotogisan pinoindalan do Jabatan Koumoligan Pogun antakan do timpu di otoronong om Jabatan Tantara Rahat maamaso sangod. Antakan di toun 2008, soginumu 1.4 riong surupu di aktif popoindalan do tonggungan diolo id suang do angkatan kisanjata. Kohompit nogi do Tentera poingopi om Mongungumolig Pogun, ginumu surupu tantara pogun nopo nga' 2.3 riong. Jabatan Mongumolig nogi nga' maganu do tenaga lobi kuang 700,000 tulun ginumuan, amu kohompit do kontraktor.[59]

Khidmat tantara id AS nopo nga' miampai osontob, nga' ponuhuan kumaa tantara milo poindalanon maamaso sangod maya do Selective Service System. Tantara AS milo uludon o kinoyonon miampai ogumu id timpu di osikap do armada pesawatan sasakayon Tantara Udara, kapal induk pesawat Tantara Rahat, om Unit Ekspedisi Marin id rahat om armada Tantara Rahat id Atlantik om Pasifik. Tantara AS manamong 865 pangkalan om koumatan id labus pogun,[60] om mongulud lobi do 1.4 riong soudor id pogun suai om nogi id rahat, kohompit no 25 pogun miampai lobi ko' 100 surupu aktif.[61] Kinoinlaaban do kinorikatan tantara AS id poinggonop pogun papasabap do AS nopo nga' noroitan sabaagi do mananamong do "empayar pangkalan."[62]

Ginumu porbalanjaan katantaraan AS di toun 2008 nopo nga' lobi $600 bilion, i kolobi do 41% porbolanjaan katantaraan sompomogunan om lobi agayo mantad ko' ginumu koonuan katantaraan 14 pogun tagayo di potilombus. Porbalanjaan per kapita nopo nga' $1,967, lobi kuang do insiam do purata sompomogunan, om lebih kurang sembilan kali purata dunia; id 4% KDNK, kadar diti nopo nga' koduo bobos takawas kopiadang do 15 pogun suai di bobos ogumu balanja id suang do katantaraan, sumuhut do mengekori Arab Saudi.[63]

Ekonomi

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Koonuan om Koburuon Sosongulun

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Tumanud do Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, median koonuan sanwalai sobolum do cukai di toun 2007 nopo nga' $49,777. Tumanud tinaru nopo, suang walai id Asia nopo nga' nakaanu median $65,469 om suang walai id Afrika nopo nga' $32,584.[64] Miampai momoguno do kadar kosimbanan pariti kuasa beli, koinsanan median nopo nga' kopiagal do tinimungan bobos kiharo-haro id pogun di nokoburu. Kalapas do ogumu kinatatakan di pintangaan abad ko-20, kadar komiskinan AS nopo nga' nakapatau tintod do kotimpuunon 1970-an, miampai 11-15% mogigion AS id siriba do koimpaon komiskinan monikid toun, om 58.5% nokoumbal do nakawayan komiskinan solinaid lobi kuang do sontoun id pialatan do umul do 25 gisom 27 toun.[65][66] Antakan di toun 2009, 43.6 riong tulun Amerika id suang do komiskinan.[64]

Pinotoluod do kebajikan AS nopo nga' id pialatan di amu kopio ababasan id pialatan do pogun nokoburu, montok no do mongingkuri do komiskinan relatif om mutlak id kadar di okuri mantad min pogun kiharo-haro,[67][68] nga' porbelanjaan sosial swasta om swasta per kapita lobi akawas mantad pogun-pogun Nordik.[69] Walaupun kebajikan AS berkesan dalam mengurangkan kemiskinan di kalangan warga emas,[70] nga' komulakan nopo nga' okuri kaanu do kouhupan.[71] Ponoriukan kokomoi kotoronongon tangaanak i pinoindalan do UNICEF id 21 pogun di toun 2007, popoiliu do AS id tukad koduo kotohuri.[72]

Sains om teknologi

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Angkasawan Buzz Aldrin maamaso kinotompoon tulun kumoiso id tulan, 1969

AS nopo nga' ponoraju ponoriukan sains om inovasi teknologi mantad po di koompokon abad ko-19. Antakan di toun 1876, nakaanu i Alexander Graham Bell do paten kumoiso AS montok pinamansayan telefon disio. [73] Makmal Thomas Edison minomonsoi do peti nyanyi, mentol lampu atahan do alaid di kumoiso, om kamera filem kumoiso di nokoingkakat. Nikola Tesla pinopointutun do arus ulang-alik, motor AC, om radio. Di koimpuunon do abad ko-20, porusahaan korita Ransom E. Olds om Henry Ford pinopoburu do barisan pemasangan. Antakan di toun 1903, pinoposuat do sajara o Wright bersaudara miampai pinapalantoi do ponuludan kikuasa pointamong om potilombus di kumoiso miampai jentera di lobi awagat mantad ko' tongus.[74]

Kinoingkakaton do Nazi di toun 1930-an papasabap do ogumu saintis Eropah miagal di Albert Einstein om Enrico Fermi minundaliu id AS. Maamaso Sangod Pogun Kumoduo, pinopoingkakat o Projek Manhattan do sanjata nuklear, om hiti no nokotimpuun o Zaman Atom. Perlumbaan Angkasa pinopoimbulai do koburuon id suang do sains roket, kakamot sains, om komputer. Ogumu nogi toluod nowonsoi do AS kumaa pamansayan do ARPANET om sukod dau, iri nopo nga' Intonit. Baino, kogumuan do dana ponoriukan om koburuon, soginumu 64%, tinahak do sektor swasta.[75] Ogumu mogigion AS momoguno do kakamot kiterknologi,[76] om lobi kuang opintanga o mogigion sanwalain id poinggonop AS do nakaanu koumatan Internet jalur lebar.[77] pogun diti nopo nga' pogun di popoburu om pananom apangkal montok taakanon sinimbanan o genetik i papaasil do satanga mantad ko' tinanom bioteknologi sompomogunan.[78]

Sasakayon

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Sistem Lebuhraya Antara Negeri i nokorikot do 46,876 miles (75,440 km)[79]

Korita nopo nga' iso kawo sasakayon soosongulun monikid tadau i bobos alaab kopio pomogunoon id AS. Di toun 2003, soginumu 759 korita kimotor per 1,000 tulun AS, kaadang do 472 tinan porsoribu mogigion id Koisaan Eropah di toun potilombus. [80] Lobi kuang 40% korita soosongulun id AS nopo nga' van, SUV, toi ko' luri aga'an.[81] Koubasan do tulun nosukod id AS (kohompit no papadalan om sumakai do korita) magawi timpu 55 minit mongigit do korita solinaid 29 miles (47 km) monikid tadau.[82]

Toinsanan industri ponuludan awan AS nopo nga' sanganu do swasta, nga' kogumuan lapangan tumulud tapangkal nopo nga' sanganu awam. Apat sistom tutuludan tagayo di pogun mantad do ginumu susumakai nopo nga' mantad AS; Southwest Airlines nopo nga' numbul koiso.[83] 30 lapangan tulud di bobos osibuk id pogun, 16 id AS, kohompit di osibuk kopio, nopo nga' Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta.[84] Hali pia' ogumu pomogunaan do koritapui montok momirangkat do kakamot, nga' okuri tulun do momili sumakai do rel, sundung pia id labus kakadayan toi ko' id labus kakadayan.[85] Sasakayon undolihon massa nopo nga' monoluod do 9% ginimu pamanahon kalaja AS, kopiadang do 38.8% id Eropah.[86] Pomogunoon bosikol id pogun diti nogi nga' okuri kopio, okuri mantad ko' id Eropah.[87]

Tanaga

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Lombong arang id Wyoming. Soginumu 27% tangud poingopi sompomogunan id AS.[88]

Pamadagangan tanaga Amerika Syarikat soginumu 29,000 jam terawatt sontoun. Pomogunaan tanaga per kapita nopo nga' 7.8 tan kopiagalan do miak sontoun, kopiadang do 4.2 tan id Jerman om 8.3 tan id Kanada. Di toun 2005, 40% tanaga AS naanu mantad do petroleum, 23% mantad tangud, om 22% mantad gas asli; i wookon nopo nga' naanu mantad kuasa nuklear om toud tanaga di milo inwoguan.[89] AS nopo nga' pongguno petroleum bobos tagayo id pomogunan.[90] Berpuluh toun linaid, kuasa nuklear nopo nga' mongigit do tonggungan di okoro sokiro piadangon miampai pogun nokoburu suai; gama do persepsi awam kokomoi do Koligaganan Three Mile Island di toun 1979.

Demografi

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Main article: Demografi Amerika Syarikat
Largest ancestry groups by county, 2000.

Tumanud do Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, ginumu nopo mogigion id AS nga' 337,315,000,[91] kohompit no lobi kuang 11.2 riong rurumikot pogoduhan.[92] Sabaagi pogun kotolu bobos ogumu mogigion id pomogunan, sumuhut do China om India, AS nopo nga' iso no pogun industri i popoinlaab do kosunion mogigion di agayo.[93] miampai kadar kosusuon 13.82 per 1,000, 30% id siriba purata pomogunan, kadar kosunion do mogigion nopo nga' 0.98%, lobi akawas kopiadang do Eropah Barat, Jepun om Korea Selatan.[94] Id fiskal toun 2009, 1.1 milion imigran noonuan do mogigion poinsaga.[95] Mexico nokosiliu do gama tagayo montok mogigion wagu mantad do 20 toun di nakatalib; mantad do 1998, China, India, om Filipina nogi nga' sinumuang id apat pogun di bobos ogumu mogigion id AS.[96]

AS nopo nga' haro o mogikaakawo o tinaru; 31 tinimungan do sinakagon id pogun diti nopo nga' poposuat do lobi sonriong o surupu.[97] Tinaru kikulit opurak nopo nga' tinimungan ras bobos tagayo id AS; sakag Jerman, Ireland, om Inggiris nopo nga' tolu mantad apat tinimungan sakag bobos tagayo id pogun diti.[97] Tulun Amerika Afrika nopo nga' minoriti ras bobos tagayo om tinimungan sakag kotolu tagayo id AS.[97][98] Tulun Amerika Asia nopo nga' minoriti raskoduo tagayo id pogun; duo tinimungan tinaru Amerika Asia di bobos tagayo nopo nga' Cina om Filipina.[97] Di toun 2008, lobi kuang 4.9 riong mogigion AS nopo nga' kiraha do Momogun toi ko' tulun sandad Alaska (kohompit no 3.1 riong di poinsandad kopio) om nogi 1.1 riong kiraha tulun sandad Hawaii toi ko' Pulou Pasifik (0.6 riong i poinsandad).[98]

Pamabakan ras/tinaru id AS (2008)[98]
Opurak 79.8%
Oitom 12.8%
Asia 4.5%
Indian om Tulun Sandad Alaska 1.0%
Orang Asli Hawaii dom Pulou Pasifik 0.2%
Duo toi ko' lobi ras 1.7%
Hispanik (hinggo-hinggo ras) 15.4%

Kinosunion mogigion tulun Amerika Hispanik om Latino nopo nga' arah aliran demografi di tagayo. 46.9 riong tulun AS sinakagon do Hispanik[98] pinatantu do Biro Banci sabaagi piilangan do "tinaru" i poinsondii; 64% tulun AS Hispanik diti sinakagon do Mexico.[99] Mantad di toun 2000 gisom 2008, ginumu tulun Hispanik id pogun diti nokoingkawas soginumu 32%, kopiadang do mogigion okon ko' Hispanik i nokoingkawas soginumu 4.3% no.[98] Kinoingkawason diti gama do koundolihon; di toun 2007, 12.6% tulun AS nopo nga' nosusu id labus pogun; 54% kinosusuon di nopo nga' mantad do Amerika Latin.[100] Koruakan diti nopo nga' nosiliu do gama; purata 3.0 buragang nosusu mantad do songulun tama Hispanik, kopiadang do 2.2 montok kulit oitom okon ko' Hispanik om 1.8 montok kulit topurak okon ko' Hispanik (id siriba kadar gantian 2.1)[93] Tinimungan minoriti (miagal di pinarati do Biro Banci, toinsanan suai ko' kulit opurak nopo nga' okon ko' mirolot, okon ko' Hispanik) mombontuk 34% ginumu do mogigion AS, nga' lumaab sumiliu do majoriti montok toun 2042.[101]

Lobi kuang 82% mogigion AS poingion id kakadayan tagayo (miagal di pinosunud do Biro Banci, kohompit no subbanda);[44] kobi kuang sampapas mantad diolo poingion id kakadayan miampai lobi 50,000 mogigion.[102] Antakan di toun 2008, 273 pomuwalayan nowonsoi nion do lobi 100,000 tulun, siam kakadayan tagayo nion do lobi sonriong tulun, om apat kakadayan tagayo global nion do lobi 2 riong tulun (Kakadayan Tagayo New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, om Houston).[103] Kiikiro 52 tionon metropolitan (kakadayan tagayo) i nion do lobi sonriong do tulun.[104]

 
Largest metropolitan areas in the United States
Rank Region Pop. Rank Region Pop.
New York
New York
Los Angeles
Los Angeles 		1 New York Northeast 19,498,249 11 Boston Northeast 4,919,179 Chicago
Chicago
Dallas–Fort Worth
Dallas–Fort Worth
2 Los Angeles West 12,799,100 12 Riverside–San Bernardino West 4,688,053
3 Chicago Midwest 9,262,825 13 San Francisco West 4,566,961
4 Dallas–Fort Worth South 8,100,037 14 Detroit Midwest 4,342,304
5 Houston South 7,510,253 15 Seattle West 4,044,837
6 Atlanta South 6,307,261 16 Minneapolis–Saint Paul Midwest 3,712,020
7 Washington, D.C. South 6,304,975 17 Tampa–St. Petersburg South 3,342,963
8 Philadelphia Northeast 6,246,160 18 San Diego West 3,269,973
9 Miami South 6,183,199 19 Denver West 3,005,131
10 Phoenix West 5,070,110 20 Baltimore South 2,834,316


Boros

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Boros id AS (2007)[106]
Inggiris (no) 225.5 riong
Sepanyol, kohompit no kreol 34.5 riong
Sina 2.5 riong
Perancis, kohompit no kreol 2.0 riong
Tagalog 1.5 riong
Vietnam 1.2 riong
Jerman 1.1 riong
Korea 1.1 riong

Boros Inggiris nopo nga' boros Kabansaan de facto Amerika Syarikat. Hali pia aiso boros rasmi di nakatatap do karajaan porsokutuan, nga' haro undang-undang di popiagal do pomogunoon boros Inggiris miagal do kominagan naturalisasi AS. Di toun 2007, lobi kuang 226 riong, toi ko' 80% mogigion kiumur do limo toun om potilombus nopo nga' mooboros id boros Inggiris no id Walai. Boros Sepanyol i boros do 12% mogigion id walai, nopo nga' boros kumoduo i gunoon id AS, om mato balajalan boros kumoduo i bobos ogumu po'ia'on id pogun diti.[106][107] Piipiro tulun AS poposogu do poposiliu boros Inggiris sabaagi do boros rasmi pogun, miagal di numaan do lobi kuang 28 pogun.[108] Koduo-duo boros Hawaii om Inggeris nokosiliu do boros rasmi maya undang-undang pogun Hawaii.[109]

Id New Mexico, haro undang-undang i manahak do pomogunaan boros Inggiris om Sepanyol, miagal nogi id Louisiana montok boros Inggiris om Perancis, sundung pia koduo-duo pogun diti amu pinapatatap do boros rasmi.[110] Pogun-pogun suai nopo nga' poponuru do ponorbitan dokumen karajaan id suang do boros Sepanyol, kohompit no mahkamah, miagal do id California.[111] Apat wilayah kopulauan AS manahak do pongokunan rasmi kumaa boros momogun sondii om nogi boros Inggiris: boros-boros Samoa om Chamorro nokoingkakat do Samoa Amerika om Guam; boros-boros Caroline om Chamorro nookunan do kopulauan Mariana Utara; boros Sepanyol nokosiliu do boros rasmi id Puerto Rico.

Ugama

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Sebuah gereja Presbyterian; kebanyakan orang Amerika mengaku beragama Kristian.

Amerika Syarikat, miampai rasmi, nopo nga' pogun sekular; Pindaan Pertama Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat mamadamin do kobibasan montok popoindalan ugama om manalob do pombontukan nunu nopo pomorintaan tumanud do ugama. Id suang do ponoriukan toun 2002, 59% tulun Amerika nopo nga' popoilo do ugama diti nopo nga' "kitonggungan di oponsol kumaa koposion diolo", suai mantad ko' pogun-pogun di kiharo-haro suai.[112] Tumanud ponoriukan kawagu di 2007, 78.4% tulun kiugama do Kristian,[113] nokoinsiriba mantad ko' 86.4% di toun 1990.[114] 51.3% orang Kristian id AS nopo nga' kiugama do mogikaakawo mazhab Protestan, om Katolik Rom nopo nga' mazhab tunggal bobos tagayo miampai 23.9%. Piatus tulun di magakun okon ko' Kristian di toun 2007 nopo nga' 4.7%, i nokoinsawat mantad ko' 3.3% di toun 1990. [114] Ugama-ugama okon ko' Kristian i apangkal id AS nopo nga' miagal do Yahudi (1.7%), Buddha (0.7%), Islam (0.6%), Hindu (0.4%), om Universalisme Unitarian (0.3%).[113] Pinoriukan dii nogi nga' pinoporuput do soginumu 16.1% tulun AS magakun sabaagi agnostik, ateis, om aiso ugama, i nokoisawat mantad ko' 8.2% di toun 1990. [113][114]

Pondidikan

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Main article: Pendidikan di Amerika Syarikat
Lobi kuang 80% mokiikinobos kolej AS nokotindapou id universiti awam miagal do Universiti Virginia, iso Tapak Warisan Dunia i pinoingkakat di Thomas Jefferson.[115]

Pondidikan awam id Amerika Syarikat igitan do karajaan pogun toi ko' songkinoyonon id siriba do pogintangan do Jabatan Pendidikan Amerika Syarikat maya panalaban do geran porsokutuan. Id kogumuan pogun, nuru sumikul o tangaanak mimpuun do umul onom toi ko' turu toi (tadika, toi ko' toun koiso) gisom do hopod om walu toun (lobi kuang taang ko-12 (pangaan koonom), kolimpupuson sikul takawas); piipiro pogun papasaga do tumingkod sumikul o tangaanak id umul do 16 toi ko' 17 toun.[116] Lobi kuang 12% tangaanak poindopitar id sekolah swasta mubaligh toi ko' sekular. Lobi kuang 2% tangaanak poinsikul id walai.[117]

Ogumu nogi o institut pengajian tinggi i kompetitif id Amerika Syarikat, hali pia awam toi ko' swasta, om nogi kolej masyarakat ii popoindalan do dasar kosuangon poingukab. 84.6% tulun Amerika kiumul 25 toun om potilombus nopo nga' kikalantayon id sikul takawas, 52.6% nokotindapu id kolej, 27.2% nakaanu do ijazah sarjana muda om 9.6% nakaanu do ijazah sarjana om potilombus. [118] Kadar celik huruf amnya adalah kira-kira 99%.[44][119] Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu minanahak do Indeks Pendidikan 0.97 kumaa AS.[120]

Kolidasan

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Ninaru poimpasi sokiro osusu id Amerika nopo nga' 77.8 toun,[121] sontoun lobi oniba kopiadang do purata id Eropah Kotonobon, om noiduan do toulu toi ko' apat toun id dohuri do Norway, Switzerland, om Kanada.[122] Mantad do duo dekad di notoliban, nokoinsiriba o AS mantad tukad ko-11 kumaa ko-42 id taang ninaru koposion sompomogunan.[123] Kadar kapatayin buragang nopo nga' 6.37 persoribu poposiliu do AS nopo nga' id tukad ko-42 mantad 221 pogun, id dohuri do toinsanan Eropah Kotonobon. [124] Lobi kuang iso por tolu mogigion nosukod AS nokotoguang do obesiti om iso portolu nopo nga' nokolobi o winagat do tinan;[125] kadar kolombonon id AS di akawas kopio id suang do pogun kiindustri, om nolopi induo id suang do suku abad nakatalib.[126] Toruuruol miagal do kencing manis kawo kumo-2 i mionit do obesiti, okito sabaagi iso wabak, tumanud do tangabaal do kolidasan.[127]

Texas Medical Center id Houston, hongkod pongusapan bobos tagayo id pomogunan[128]

Sistom panamangan kolidasan AS nopo nga' lobi ogumu balanja sokiro piadangon kumaa pogun-pogun suai, id aspek do porbelanjaan per kapita toi koi' piatus KDNK.[129] Id toun 2000, Kotinanan Kolidasan Sompomogunan pinopoiliu do AS sabaagi tukad bobos asawat kopio id suang do keresponsifan, nga' ko-37 miampai poinggonop. AS nopo nga' ponoraju do inovasi pongusapan. Di toun 2004, sektor okon ko' industri pinoposoliwan do balanja tolu kali lipat kopiadang do Eropah per kapita id suang do ponoriukan bioperubatan.[130]

Koubasanan

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Main article: Budaya Amerika Syarikat

Amerika Syarikat nopo nga' pogun di mogikaakawo koubasanan mantad mogikaakawo tinimunga, koubasanan om gatang koposion do tinaru. [131][132] Hali pia koubasanan arus perdana nokuasa do roromu-roromu Eropah i noigitan do tulun rurumikot mantad Eropah, nga' kabagal i kasari do rahung mantad roromu-roromu Afrika i nigitan do tulun susuhuon sobolum nakabagas pogun diolo, [131][133] noruhangan po do kinorikatan do mumundaliu mantad Asia om Amerika Latin i pinopoinggumu do senario ririkoton koubasanan id AS. Tulun AS nogi nga' tulun di bobos individualistik id pomogunan[134]; imej soosongulun, kopokitanan sosial om tindu koubasanan tulun-tulun Amerika i kipionit o kopio miampai pakalajaan diolo.[135]

Media, karamayan om inus kopokitanan

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Papan tanda' Hollywood, kinoyonon do ririkoton ponggiat inus porfileman AS.
Main article: Televisyen di Amerika Syarikat

Amerika Syarikat nokosiliu do iso gergasi id gana porfileman sompomogunan [136], suai po soira nokosiliu do kinoyonon pinamsayan do teknologi wayang gambal minggura i bobos osopung id pomogunan, asil goos di Thomas Edison om Kinetoscope. Industri porfileman AS nopo nga' ogumu kopio id Hollywood, California, gisom tulun sompomogunan pinopiagal do ngaran Hollywood sabaagi do rati gana porfileman AS om asil filem dau. Momomonsoi filem AS i roroiton kasari sabaagi do ikon sompomogunan nopo nga' kohompit no palakun Marilyn Monroe om John Wayne, om sutradara om popohimagon filem miagal di George Lucas om Steven Spielberg, koruhang nogi o lundu inovasi id suang do inovasi miagal do i Walt Disney.

Tulun Amerika nogi i ogumu momoliwang do timpu diolo id dumbangan do televisyen id pomogunan diti;[137] solinaid purata limo jaam sangadau di toun 2006.[138] Gana ponyiaran TV bobos tagayo id pogun diti nogi nga' natangkapan do boogian swasta, lobi-lobi no apat rangkaian koposolimbahan TV bobos tagayo; ABC, CBS, Fox om NBC. Tulun AS nogi nga' orohian do mokinongou radio miampai purata duo jam satanga montok sangadau.[139]


Amerika Syarikat nogi nga' manahak rahung di agayo kopio id suang do inus muzik moden, tu' hiti no ogumu nowonsoi do genre muzik i nosiliu do totonudon do tongoulun miagal do jazz, rock and roll, funk, rhythm and blues (R&B) om hip-hop. Muzik pop AS nopo nga' nakagamut id suang do ababayan-ababayan koposolimbahan di Broadway i kakal po papakakal do koutuhan mantad di teater kumoiso nukaban id Manhattan di abad ko-19. Rombituon pop i nosusu id AS miagal do i Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, Michael Jackson, om Madonna minomonsoi ngaran diolo sabaagi do selebriti kitaang sompomogunan. [140] Hali pia piungkoniton miampai genre-genre muzik nokoburu, kakal kasari poposoliwan o AS do karya-karya muzik klasikal i milo roiton do amerika po tomod kotpiadang do muzik klasikan Eropah, lobi-lobi no mantad di Charles Ives, Henry Cowell om John Cage; amu nogi olihuan i Aaron Copland om George Gershwin i pinopointutun do pilangatan muzik otutunan kopio om klasikal.

Kosusasteraan om koinusan

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Main article: Kesusasteraan Amerika Syarikat

Maamaso abad ko-18 om ko-19, mingoos o Amerika Syarikat montok momonsoi kounggulan sabaagi do longkod kosusastaraan boros Inggeris, asil mahakarya sastara i noit kumaa di orohion do buuk om hiis di Edgar Allan Poe, Mark Twain, Emily Dickinson om suai-suai po. Antakan di abad ko-20, karamayan sastara AS pinotilombus di William Faulkner om Ernest Hemingway i noroitan sabaagi do sastarawan di bobos koimbayat antakan do abad dii.[141] Gisom baino, 11 momogun AS nakalantoi do Tutungkap Nobel id suang do Kosusastaraan.

Seni lukis AS di kotimpuunon nopo nga' ogirot o imbayat mantad Eropah, id suang do lukisan realistik i monguasai do komilaan momonsoi do songulun momolukis sobolum do koompokon abad ko-19, toi ko inus moden i pinointutun do iso pameran inus di olumis kopio id New York di toun 1913.[142] Koguraan koinusan di agayo miagal do ekspresionisme abstrak mantad di Jackson Pollock om Willem de Kooning, om seni pop mantad di Andy Warhol om Roy Lichtenstein nokoinlaab id AS. Nointutunan nogi AS sabaagi kinoyonon kinosusuan di bahantara komik id bontuk do taris id suang do suat abal toi ko' buuk komik, i pinoposoliwan do ogumu kawo wira tangon korohian miagal do Superman, Batman om Spider-Man.

Taakanon

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Main article: Masakan Amerika Syarikat

Kopogikaakawaan do koubasanan AS nogi nga' okito id aspek do kopogisuusuaian taakanon om tiinumon i popokito do kointutunan pogun diti. Resepi-resepi di naanu mantad Eropah asil do kinorikatan mumundaliu sobolum om kalapas kagabasan nakaanu di pinosuang sorokuukuri gisom nosiliu do nansakan Amerika, miagal do piza om pasta mantad Itali, taco om burrito mantad Mexico, om nogi hamburger om hot dog mantad Jerman. Tinaru Afrika nogi nga' pipoingkakat do nansakan AS maya manuk ginuring, ruti luong om suai-suai po. Piipiro taakanon diti nogi nga' pojualon sabaagi taakanon tosikap i pinojual do rantaian restoran miagal do McDonald's om KFC kumaa pointongkop pomogunan, nga' id timpu dii nogi nga' nakaanu minonoluod kumaa kobolingkahangan obesiti i nokoingkawas kumaa mogigion AS.[143] Pomojualan nogi nga' monoluod do ogumu kapansalan jus oren om susu sabaagi tiinumon do makan kosuabon.[144]

Sipoot

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Pamain "buul sipak Amerika", iso sipoot kaagal-agal do ragbi i osodu piagalan miampai buul sipak i otutunan id pogun suai.

Bola sepak Amerika[145] (football, sipoot kaagal-agal do ragbi), besbol, bola keranjang om hoki ais nopo nga' sipoot kitinimungan profesional i bobos ogumu orohian id Amerika Syarikat. [[Bola sepak]|Buul sipak] (soccer) nogi nga' ogumu orohian nga' oiduanan id tolikud do kaapat-apat sipoot diti, hali pia AS koumbal nokosiliu do panakawalan do Piala Dunia FIFA 1994. Montok sipoot soosongulun, orohian o tulun AS do golf, tenis om sukan bermotor miagal do NASCAR. Pondosian o AS tu' kalantayon do atlit-atlit dau id suang do Sipoot Olimpik mantad nokotimpuun o temasya kumoiso di toun 1896, hinonggo nakaanu yolo do 2,500 butir pingat setakat diti.[146][147]

Unit ponipong

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Kakal po do momoguno unit adat Amerika Syarikat o pogun diti i notungkusan mantad unit imperial British miagal do ela, watu, om darjah Fahrenheit, nga' momoguno nogi ponipong isipadu gelen om pain di poinsondii. Amerika Syarikat, miampai Burma om Liberia, amu po monorimo do sistem metrik miampai rasmi. Hali pia miagal dii, unit metrik nopo nga' alaku no pomogunaan id gana sains, pongusapan om ogumu po gana industri. [148]

Nuut

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
  1. ↑ 30 of 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The state of Hawaii recognizes both Hawaiian and English as official languages, the state of Alaska officially recognizes 20 Alaska Native languages alongside English, and the state of South Dakota recognizes O'ceti Sakowin as an official language.
  2. ↑ The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
  3. ↑ Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama largestcountry
  4. ↑ Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama pop
  5. ↑ After adjustment for taxes and transfers
  6. ↑ Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama time
  7. ↑ See Date and time notation in the United States.
  8. ↑ Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama drive

Sukuon

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
  1. ↑ 36 U.S.C. § 302
  2. ↑ "The Great Seal of the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. 2003. Linoyog ontok February 12, 2020.
  3. ↑ "An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America". H.R. 14, Act of Error: the date or year parameters are either empty or in an invalid format, please use a valid year for year, and use DMY, MDY, MY, or Y date formats for date. 71st United States Congress.
  4. ↑ "2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country". United States Census. Linoyog ontok August 13, 2021.
  5. ↑ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". United States Census. Linoyog ontok August 13, 2021.
  6. ↑ "A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data". NPR. August 13, 2021.
  7. ↑ Staff (June 8, 2007). "In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion)". Gallup, Inc. (id boros Inggilis). Linoyog ontok 2023-11-01.
  8. ↑ Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio. 1963. p. 336.
  9. ↑ Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". Census.gov. August 2010. Linoyog ontok March 31, 2020. reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.
  10. ↑ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2015. Linoyog ontok October 11, 2020.
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  143. ↑ "Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. American Heart Association. 2005. Linoyog ontok 2007-06-09. "Let's Eat Out: Americans Weigh Taste, Convenience, and Nutrition" (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Linoyog ontok 2007-06-09.
  144. ↑ Smith, Andrew F. (2004). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1. Levenstein, Harvey (2003). Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, pp. 154–55. ISBN 0-520-23439-1.
  145. ↑ Krane, David K. (2002-10-30). "Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport". Harris Interactive. Linoyog ontok 2007-09-14. Maccambridge, Michael (2004). America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.
  146. ↑ "All-Time Medal Standings, 1896–2004". Information Please. Linoyog ontok 2007-06-14. "Distribution of Medals—2008 Summer Games". Fact Monster. Linoyog ontok 2008-09-02.
  147. ↑ "All-Time Medal Standings, 1924–2006". Information Please. Linoyog ontok 2007-06-14. "Olympic Medals". Vancouver Organizing Committee. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2010-12-25. Linoyog ontok 2010-03-02.
  148. ↑ "Appendix G: Weights and Measures". The World Factbook. CIA. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2011-04-06. Linoyog ontok 2010-04-01.
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