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Tadau Deepavali

Mantad Wikipedia
"Deepawali" and "Dipawali" redirect here. For other uses, see Deepavali (disambiguation).

Diwali
Pomogingo Rangoli, winonsoi momoguno serbuk halus kiwotik toi ko' pasir, ointutunan maso Diwali.
Lohowon nogi sabaagiDeepavali
Observed byHindus, Jains, Sikhs,[1] some Buddhists (notably Newar Buddhists[2])
kawoReligious, cultural, seasonal
KapansalanSee below
Kapanaandakan
  • Diya lighting
  • puja (worship and prayer)
  • havan (fire offering)
  • vrat (fasting)
  • dāna (charity)
  • melā (fairs/shows)
  • home cleansing and decoration
  • fireworks
  • gifts
  • and partaking in a feast and sweets
Tumimpuun
  • Ashwayuja 27 or Ashwayuja 28 (amanta tradition)
  • Kartika 12 or Kartika 13 (purnimanta tradition)
Opupusan
TadauwulanAshvin Krishna Trayodashi, Ashvin Krishna Chaturdashi, Ashvin Amavasya, Kartik Shukla Pratipada, Kartik Shukla Dwitiya
2025 dateOctober[3]
2026 date8 Milau 2026
KosoruanAnnual
Mionit doDiwali (Jainism), Bandi Chhor Divas, Tihar, Swanti, Sohrai, Bandna
Explanatory note
on Hindu festival dates
The Hindu calendar is lunisolar but most festival dates are specified using the lunar portion of the calendar. A lunar day is uniquely identified by three calendar elements: māsa (lunar month), pakṣa (lunar fortnight) and tithi (lunar day).

Furthermore, when specifying the masa, one of two traditions are applicable, viz. amānta / pūrṇimānta. If a festival falls in the waning phase of the moon, these two traditions identify the same lunar day as falling in two different (but successive) masa.

A lunar year is shorter than a solar year by about eleven days. As a result, most Hindu festivals occur on different days in successive years on the Gregorian calendar.
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Diwali (English: /dɪˈwɑːliː/), lohowon nogi sabaagi Deepavali (IAST: Dīpāvalī) toi ko' Deepawali (IAST: Dīpāwalī),[4] nopo nga karamayan kanawahon id suang ugama Hindu, miampai mogikaakawo kapanaandakan id suang ugama India di suai miagal do Jainisme om Sikhisme.[lower-alpha 1] Ii nopo nga panakatamda do kalantayon rohani Dharma kumaa Adharma, kanawahon id sawat kotuongon, om koilaan kokomoi karaaton.[5][6][7][8] Taandakon o Diwali ontok wulan lunisolar Hindu Ashvin (tumanud koubasanan amanta) om Kārtika – id pintangaa Manom gisom pintangaan Milau.[9][10][11][12][13] Koubasanan nopo nga koindalan o kapanaandakan diti solinaid limo toi ko' onom tadau.[14][15]

Mionit o Diwali do mogikaakawo kaantakan keugamaan, dewa om lundu obitua miagal do tadau soira nokoguli i Rama kumaa kerajaan dau id Ayodhya miampai sawo dau i Sita om tobpinai dau i Lakshmana kalapas minangala do raja rogon i Ravana.[16] Insaru nogi ii pioniton miampai Lakshmi, dewi kotoronongon, om Ganesha, dewi kabaalan om nogi mongidu kaantaban.[17] Koubasanan serantau di suai nopo nga popionit karamayan diti miampai Vishnu, Krishna, Durga, Shiva, Kali, Hanuman, Kubera, Yama, Yami, Dhanvantari, toi ko' Vishvakarman.

Poinsotol do karamayan Hindu, variasi Diwali nga taandakon nogi do tutumanud ugama suai.[14] Manaandak o tutumanud Jain do Diwali diolo sondii i panakatanda do kagabadsan kolimpupuson di Mahavira.[18][19] Manaandak o tutumanud Sikh do Bandi Chhor Divas montok momuhondom kawagu kagasan Guru Hargobind mantad penjara Mughal.[20] Tutumanud Buddha Newar, au kaahal tutumanud Buddha suai, manaandak Diwali miampai sumamba dewi Lakshmi, om tutumanud Hindu id India Kosilahon om Bangladesh manaandak Diwali miampai sumamba dewi Kali.[21][2][22]

Ontok karamayan diti, mamabang do walai, kuil om kinoyonon kumalaja o tutumanud ngaawi miampai diyas (lampung miak), candles dian om tanglung.[8] Tutumanud Hindu nopo nga modsu do miak miampai ritual ontok minsusuab monikid tadau maso karamayan.[23] Taandakon nogi o Diwali miampai bunga kitapui om pomogingo siliu momoguno wotik rangoli om boogian suai do walai miampai jhalars. Osiliu do panatalan o taakanon miampai makan o paganakan om miilang do mithai.[24] Karamayan nopo diti nga timpu monikid toun montok muli id walai om popogirot piromutan okon nopo ko id pialatan do paganakan,[16][17] nga komuniti om koisaan nogi, loolobi id kinoyonon kakadayan i papaanjul abaabayan om pitimungan.[25][26] Ogumu kakadayab i papaanjul do perarakan om pesta komuniti miampai kosolimbahan muzik om sayau id taman.[27] Soboogian tutumanud Hindu, Jain, om Sikh papaatod kad pason Diwali kumaa paganakan i osomok om osodu ontok timpu karamayan, om sumoonu paamapayon do kutak manisan India.[27] Iso nopo kawagu aspek karamayan diti nga momuhindom kawagu do aki odu.[28]

Diwali nogi nga iso abaabayan koubasanan toponsol montok diaspora Hindu, Sikh, om Jain diaspora.[29][30][31] Tadau toponsol nopo do karamayan Diwali (tadau Lakshmi Puja) nopo nga timpu koundarangan poinhimagon do Fiji,[32] Guyana,[33] India, Malaysia,[lower-alpha 2][34] Mauritius, Myanmar,[35] Nepal,[36] Pakistan,[37] Singapura,[38] Sri Lanka, Suriname, Trinidad om Tobago[39] om nogi piipiro pogun id Amerika Syarikat.[40]

Etimologi

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Tadon nopo do hogot Diwali[9][lower-alpha 3] nga mantad Dipavali (Boros Sanskrit:दीपावली, romanisasi:Dīpāvalī), i kirati do 'deretan toi ko' siri kanawahon'.[24][42] Istilah nogi diti nga piomungan mantad duo hogot Sanskrit ii no दीप(dīpa) i kirati lampung, ninawau, binabang, dian toi ko' nunu nopo i kibinabang toi ko' toilaan[43] om आवलि (āvali) i kirati do rulud, jajaran toi ko' garisan potilombus, siri.[44][lower-alpha 4]

Tadauwulan-tadauwulan id suang kalendar di mogisuusuai

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Fail:DiwaliSwastika.jpg
Papaapui o tangaanak do pilasut id bontuk swastika sangadau pogulu do taandakon o karamayan Deepavali.

Romiton o karamayan diti solinaid timpu di mogisuusuai tumanud komuniti i mogisuusuai nogi. Sundung do tadau-tadau teras dau nopo nga miagal om koontok do tadau-tadau di miagal id pointongkop Nepal om India, nga koontok o tadau-tadau dii ontok wulan Gregorian di misuai tumanud do versi kalendar Hindu i gunoon do tulun id kinoyonon dii. Versi Amanta ("opupusan ontok tanak tulan") kalendar Hindu gunoon sabaagi kalendar kabansaan India. Tumanud kalendar diti i gunoon do pointongkop id India kabaatan om Maharashtra, kapanaandakan onom tadau diti owiton mantad apat tadau tohuri wulan Ashwayuja (Ashwin id suang boros Marathi) om duo tadau kumoiso wulan wagu Kartika. Tumanud versi Purnimanta ("opupusan ontok wulan misawang") i pointongkop id India koibutan, koontok o Diwali ontok pintangaan wulan Ashwayuja/Ashvin. Id suang kalendar Gregorian, koubasan orikot o Deepavali ontok wulan Gumas toi ko' Milau.

Kapansalan ugama

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Hogot Sanskrit "Deepavali" kirati do iso kopokitanan pilasut-pilasut i ponokotanda' do kinalantayon babang kumaa kotuongon. Mantad do kinorotuon toilaan do boros Sanskrit, nosimbanan o ngaran karamayan diti suminiliu Divali, loolobi no id India koibutan.

Limo tadau Deepavali

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Pohoroon o kapanaandakan Deepavali solinaid do limo tadau id kogumuan kinoyonon id India Koibutan. Oinsanan tadau suai ko' Deepavali pinungaranan mantad koroitan sondii id suang kalendar Hindu.

  1. Dhanatrayodashi toi ko' Dhan teras: Dhan kirati do "kekayaan" om Trayodashi kirati do "tadau ko-13". Mantad dii, miagal di natandaan id ngaran, oontok o tadau diti ontok tadau ko-13 saparu koduo wulan qamari. Tadau diti nopo nga olumaag montok momoli kakamot om amas. Binoros nogi do tadau diti sabaagi kinoimbulayon Jayanti Dewa Dhanvantri ontok menggodak o dewa-dewi om rogon-rogon do rahat tagayo.[45]
  2. Naraka Chaturdashi: Chaturdashi nopo nga tadau ko-14 i mananda' do norologo no i Narakasura, mantad dii nakaala o kosonongon do karaatan (bahasa Gujarat: Kali Chaudas).
    Id India kabaatan, iti no tadau karamayan di kopipio. Mosik o tulun Hindu do osopung kopio miagal ontok 4:00 kosuabon, modsu do tumau bijan om manambasaan basaan wagu. Papaapui yolo pilasut tokoro id posorili walai om momolukis do kolam/rangoli id soliwan do kolam diolo. Popoindalan yolo koroyohon poimbida' miampai kapatahakan kumaa Dewa Sri Krishna toi ko' Dewa Sri Vishnu i minongolig do pomogunan mantad Narakasura ontok tadau diti. Notumbayaan do modsu pogulu koimbulai tadau, soira milop-kilop po rombituon id tawan, miagal do modsu id Bawang Ganges di obitua. Mantad dii, soira misolowot o tulun ontok kosuabon, monguhot yolo "Nokoindalan nu no Ganga Snaanam?"
    Kalapas mamarayou, papaapui o tangaanak do bunga tapui i mananda' do korologohon di Narakasura. Sabap do iti nopo nga tadau kounsikahan, ogumu tulun makan kosuabon om makan dangadau miampai agayo om tumombului do koobpinayan. Ontok sosodopon, poopuyon kawagu o pilasut om royohon o Dewi Lakshmi om sambaon miampai sinurungan poimbida'. Ontok tadau i aiso tulan diti, ogumu i popoindalan upacara tarpana (kapaatadan waig om linsou bijan) i poimbida' montok todu moyang.
  3. Lakshmi Pujae: Lakshmi Puja, mananda do tadau toponsol id suang koporomitan Deepavali, soira Lakshmi, dewi kekayaan om menandakan hari terpenting dalam sambutan Deepavali, apabila Lakshmi, dewi kekayaan dan Ganesha, dewa permulaan bertuah, dipuja oleh semua rumahtangga Hindu, disusuli penyalaan lampu di sepanjang jalan dan keliling rumah, untuk mengundang kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan.
  4. Govardhan Puja: Juga dipanggil Annakut, hari ini disambut sebagai hari Krishna menewaskan Indra. Untuk Annakut setimbunan makanan dihiasi melambangkan gunung Govardhan diangkat Dewa Krishna. Di negeri Maharashtra hari ini disambut sebagai Padva atau BaliPratipada — iaitu memperingati Raja Bali. Kaum lelaki memberikan hadiah kepada isteri mereka pada hari ini.
  5. Bhaiduj (juga Bhayyaduj, Bhaubeej atau Bhayitika): pada hari ini, adik-beradik bertemu untuk meluahkan rasa kasih sayang antara satu sama lain (Bahasa Gujarati: Bhai Bij; Bahasa Bengali: Bhai Phota). Kebanyakan perayaan India menyatukan keluarga, maka Bhaiduj menyatukan adik-beradik yang sudah berkahwin, maka hari ini amat penting bagi mereka selaku adik-beradik. Perayaan ini amat lama, dan mendahului 'Raksha Bandhan', iaitu satu lagi perayaan adik-beradik yang disambut kini.

Mogisuusuai o kapanaandakan Deepavali diti id rantau-rantau pointantu:

  • Id India Kabaatan, naraka chaturdashi nopo nga tadau apangkal, miampai haro papaapui mercun ontok minsusuab.
  • Karamayan apangkal id India Koibutan nopo nga ontok sosodopon Amavasya (aiso tulan) miampai Lakshmi Puja, suhutonon do papaapui pilasut id walai.

Kapanaandakan Deepavali id Malaysia

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Id Malaysia, romiton o tadau Deepavali ontok wulan koturu kalendar suria Hindu om silihon do koundarangan umum persekutuan id pointongkop Malaysia tu haro pokiikiro 1.5 riong tutumanud Hindu i kogumuan nopo nga mantad India Kabaatan.

Totuong pogulu do tadau Deepavali nopo nga tadau montok momuhondom taki, todu om moyang di minidu no pogun miampai upacara sambayang tokoro id walai miampai paganakan di osomok. Ontok kosuabon Deepavali, modsu o tutumanud Hindu miampai momihid tumau bijan id tulu om tinan montok poposogit tinan om nogi lambang tobitua tinan om sunduan. Kalapas upacara tobitua di manada' do kotimpuunon wagu, sumambayang o tutumanud Hindu miampai paganakan id walai om nogi mokianu restu molohing pogulu do manambasaan basaan wagu om tumombului id kuil. Sumusuhut mongoi nogi yolo tombului id walai koobpinayan om tongotambalut diolo. Walai poingukab nga haro nogi montok tulun ginumuan.

Winonsoi o "Kolam" mantad tapung wagas di amu nowotikan sabaagi taakanon montok kilau om songongi suai tu otumbayaan o ugama Hindu do haro o Kinorohingan toi ko' Atman id tikid do winonsoi Kinorohingan id pomogunan diti. Mantad dii, aspek taralom do "kolam" diti nopo nga karalano' di bobos ouhan montok manahak toluod toi ko' karalano' popoilang toud alam miampai kakamot poimpasi di suai.

Id susuangon walai tutumanud Hindu, haro o ponindak "kolam", ponindak bunga aalus i linakar id tana' i koubasan nopo nga winonsoi mantad bijirin di mogisuusuai warana. Ponindak "kolam" toi ko" ointutunan nogi sabaagi "Rangoli" diti okon ko' ponindak tomod, nga haro o rati sosial, kerohanian, om simbolik dau. Ii nopo nga lambang panyambahan dewa Lakshmi, Dewi Kolumaagan i notumboyo do tumombului walai diolo di kiharo ponindak "kolam" id susuangon walai diolo.[46][47]

Mamalakar "Kolam" nopo nga karalano' do tongoondu Tamil do sumambayang kumaa Lakshmi, dewi kolumaagan, kolumison, om tuah om iso nogi upacara kougamaan montok tutumanud Hindu.[48]

Sukuon

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  1. ↑ Townsend, Charles M (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Todd T. Lewis (7 Manom 2000). Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism. State University of New York Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-7914-9243-7. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Milatok 2017. Linoyog ontok 14 Gumas 2016.
  3. ↑ "Diwali 2025 Date: When is Diwali? All About the 5 Days Festival of Lights". 16 Milau 2023.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mead, Jean (Mansak 2008). How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali? (id boros Inggilis). Evans Brothers. ISBN 978-0-237-53412-7. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 11 Milau 2023. Linoyog ontok 5 Magus 2022.
  5. ↑ Vasudha Narayanan; Deborah Heiligman (2008). Celebrate Diwali. National Geographic Society. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4263-0291-6. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Milatok 2017. Linoyog ontok 14 Gumas 2016. All the stories associated with Deepavali, however, speak of the joy connected with the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil.
  6. ↑ Tina K Ramnarine (2013). Musical Performance in the Diaspora. Routledge. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-317-96956-3. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Milatok 2017. Linoyog ontok 14 Gumas 2016. Light, in the form of candles and lamps, is a crucial part of Diwali, representing the triumph of light over darkness, goodness over evil and hope for the future.
  7. ↑ Jean Mead, How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?, ISBN 978-0-237-53412-7
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Constance Jones 2011, pp. 252–255
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 978-0-19-861263-6 – p. 540 "Diwali /dɪwɑːli/ (also Diwali) noun a Hindu festival with lights...".
  10. ↑ Darra Goldstein 2015, pp. 222–223.
  11. ↑ Diwali Archived 1 Mikat 2015 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica (2009)
  12. ↑ "Diwali 2020 Date in India: When is Diwali in 2020?". The Indian Express (id boros Inggilis). 11 Milau 2020. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 16 Milau 2020. Linoyog ontok 13 Milau 2020.
  13. ↑ "Diwali 2024: When is Diwali in 2024? All you need to know its Significations - Global Times 18". Global Times 18 (id boros Inggeris AS). 23 Gumas 2024. Linoyog ontok 24 Gumas 2024.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Fieldhouse, Paul (17 Ngiop 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes] (id boros Inggilis). ABC-CLIO. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
  15. ↑ Stent, David (22 Gumas 2013). Religious Studies: Made Simple (id boros Inggilis). Elsevier. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-4831-8320-6.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ralat maganu:Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama dhcd
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Suzanne Barchers (2013). The Big Book of Holidays and Cultural Celebrations, Shell Education, ISBN 978-1-4258-1048-1
  18. ↑ Sharma, S.P.; Gupta, Seema (2006). Fairs and Festivals of India. Pustak Mahal. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-223-0951-5. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 26 Milatok 2021. Linoyog ontok 10 Milau 2020.
  19. ↑ Upadhye, A.N. (Milatok–Gomot 1982). Cohen, Richard J. (ed.). "Mahavira and His Teachings". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 102 (1): 231–232. doi:10.2307/601199. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 601199.
  20. ↑ Geoff Teece (2005). Sikhism. Smart Apple Media. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-58340-469-0. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Milatok 2017. Linoyog ontok 14 Gumas 2016.
  21. ↑ McDermott and Kripal p.72
  22. ↑ Prem Saran (2012). Yoga, Bhoga and Ardhanariswara: Individuality, Wellbeing and Gender in Tantra. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-136-51648-1. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Milatok 2017. Linoyog ontok 14 Gumas 2016.
  23. ↑ Karen-Marie Yust; Aostre N. Johnson; Sandy Eisenberg Sasso (2006). Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 232–233. ISBN 978-0-7425-4463-5. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 10 Milatok 2022. Linoyog ontok 29 Magus 2018.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 James G. Lochtefeld 2002, pp. 200–201
  25. ↑ Christopher H. Johnson, Simon Teuscher & David Warren Sabean 2011, pp. 300–301.
  26. ↑ Manju N. Shah 1995, pp. 41–44.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Paul Fieldhouse 2017, pp. 150–151.
  28. ↑ Diane P. Mines; Sarah E. Lamb (2010). Everyday Life in South Asia, Second Edition. Indiana University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-253-01357-6. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 2 Madas 2021. Linoyog ontok 25 Manom 2018.
  29. ↑ India Journal: ‘Tis the Season to be Shopping Devita Saraf, The Wall Street Journal (August 2010)
  30. ↑ Henry Johnson 2007, pp. 71–73.
  31. ↑ Kelly 1988, pp. 40–55.
  32. ↑ Public Holidays Archived 16 Manom 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Fiji
  33. ↑ Public Holidays Archived 19 Gumas 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Guyana
  34. ↑ Public Holidays Archived 5 Gomot 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Malaysia
  35. ↑ Public Holidays Archived 17 Magus 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Myanmar
  36. ↑ Public Holidays Archived 19 Gumas 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Nepal
  37. ↑ Pakistan parliament adopts resolution for Holi, Diwali, Easter holidays Archived 6 Gomot 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Times of India (16 March 2016)
  38. ↑ Public Gazetted Holidays Archived 19 Gumas 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Singapore
  39. ↑ Official Public Holidays Archived 3 Gomot 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Trinidad & Tobago
  40. ↑ "Full list of USA states that recognise Diwali as a state holiday". The Times of India. 25 Gumas 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Linoyog ontok 25 Gumas 2024.
  41. ↑ Cybelle T. Shattuck 1999, pp. 51, 124.
  42. ↑ Jessica Frazier & Gavin Flood 2011, p. 255.
  43. ↑ Monier Monier Williams (2008 updated, Harvard University), Sanskrit English dictionary, दीप, p. 481 Archived 17 Magus 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ↑ Monier Monier Williams (2008 updated, Harvard University), Sanskrit English dictionary, आवलि, p. 155 Archived 27 Gomot 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ↑ Dhanvantri Jayanti[noputan di napatai sogigisom]
  46. ↑ Sacred Custodians of the Earth?
  47. ↑ Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition, displayed by permission of Oxford University Press.
  48. ↑ Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition.


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