Tulun Kristang

Kristang people
Jenti Kristang / Orang Serani
	A group of Kristang people performing a traditional dance in Malacca, Malaysia.
Total population
	37,000[failed verification]
Regions with significant populations
	Malaysia (Malacca, Kuala Lumpur, Penang); Singapore; Australia (Perth); Minority in: Canada and United Kingdom
Boros
	Papia Kristang, English, Malay
Ugama
	Predominantly Christianity (Roman Catholic), minority Judaism, Sunni Islam, and Secular
Related ethnic groups
	Eurasian, Mardijker, Goan Catholics, Portuguese diaspora, Bumiputera, Jews, Macanese people

Kristang (ointutunan nogi sabaagi "Portugis-Eurasia" toi ko' "Portugis Malaka") nopo nga iso tinimungan etnik kreol om pribumi mantad do raha Portugis om Malayu miampai naralatan raha Bolanda, British, Yahudi, Sina om India. Kogumuan diolo nopo nga miniyon id Malaysia, Singapura om Australia gama do ponghijrahan maya tagayo ontok saparu koduo abad kumo-20. Suai ko kiraha Malayu om Portugis, tulun Kristang nogi nga kiraha Bolanda aasil mantad pisasawaan mirolot ii iso ahal di noubasan id komuniti diti. Kaagu nga, gama do ponganiyaan do Ikuisisi Portugis id rantau diti, ogumu tulun Yahudi id Melaka ii asimilasi kuminaa do komuniti Kristang.^[2] Tinimungan kreol nokoimbulai id Malaka (somboogian do Malaysia baino) id pialatan do abad kumo-16 om kumo-17, ontok nosiliu do kakadayan diti do lolobuhon om pangkalan Empayar Portugis.^[3] Baino nopo nga, noklasifikasi yolo do karajaan Malaysia sabaagi do "Portugis-Eurasia";^[4] om id Singapura nopo nga ointutunan sabaagi do Kristang.^[5] Baino, roromu koubasanan om idontiti Kristang - poimbida montok boros Kristang ii noklasifikasi sabaagi "sangat terancam" mantad do UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages, maamaso nogi id goos do manamong koubasanan om boros diti id Malaysia om Singapura.^[6] Kabesa kumo-13 nopo nga momuruan tunggal do komuniti maya global om id Singapura (okon tutumungkus), nopo nga monuunuat fiksyen sains om puru linguistik Kristang mantad Singapua, Kevin Martens Wong.^[7]^[8] Daamot dii, Regedor toi ko Luguan Mogiigiyon Portugis Malaka - longkod sandad geografi, koubasanan om kerohanian idontiti Portugis Malaka - i Oliver Lopez.

Otumbayaan o sarjana do komuniti Kristang nopo nga kinintodonon mantad piromutan om pisasawaan id pialatan do kusai Portugis (kelasi, askar, dudumagang om suai po) miampai koonduan momogun. Ruminikot o kusai ngaawi diti kumaa Malaka ontok era ponjelajahan Portugis om id toun-toun gulu ponjajahan, koonduan Portugis nopo nga au miyon id tana jajahan dii. Baino nopo nga, asaru nodi pisasawan mirolot id pialatan do tulun Kristang miampai sosongulun kiraha Sina om India lobi ko tulun Malayu gama do undang-undang ugama endogami. Undang-undang diti nopo nga papawajib do sosongulun okon Silam i manu misawo do sosongulun tulun Malayu nopo nga nuru do sumuang ugama Islam pogulu ii. Nga, okon toinsanan tulun Eurasia kotounda do monimban idontiti ugama om koubasanan diolo id woyo dii. Ontok abad-abad di pogulu po, tulun Portugis om Malayu momogun nopo nga milo misawo miampai au nuru monimban do ugama, gama do au nokuatkuasa o undang-undang dii ontok dii. Baino nopo nga, nosimbanan nodi o boros Malayu miampai poposuang ogumu hogot mantad boros Kristang. Sabaagi poomitanan, garfu (mantad boros Portugis garfo) nopo nga hogot Kristang montok "garpu" om almari (mantad Portugis armario) nopo nga Kristang montok "almari"; boros Malayu nopo nga minaganu do hogot-hogot Kristang diti maya do poimponu.

Ngaran "Kristang" nopo somonu nga gunoon maya au kangam tu' monuku kumaa sosongulun di kiraha naralatan Eropah om Asia di mogiigiyon id Malaysia om Singapura ontok timpu baino. Iti nopo nga kohompit sosongulun di kiraha Portugis ii okon ko somboogian mantad komuniti Kristang ii kisajara, om nogi individu i kiwaa raha Eropah suai miagal ko' Bolanda toi ko' British.

Ngaran "Kristang" nopo nga kinintodonon mantad boros kreol Portugis Kristang (kirati do "Kristiang") ii naanu mantad hogot Portugis Cristão. Iso istila' paparaat ii nokoumbal ginuno montok monuku kumaa komuniti Portugis Malaka ii nopo nga Grago toi ko' Gragok (istila' slang mantad hogot Portugis camarão i kirati do "udang"), sumuku kumaa hakikat do koulunan Portugis Malaka maya tradisional nopo nga kumalaja sabaagi nelayan gipan.^[9] Id boros tina diolo, monuku iyolo do diolo sondii sabaagi Gente Kristang i kirati do "tulun Kristian".

Sajara

Ponjajahan Portugis

Malaka nopo nga tiyonon gulu id gelombang tagayo palayaran rahat ii winonsoi do Portugis kiikiro timpuunon abad kumo-16. Kakadayan diti nopo nga nokuasa sabaagi somboogian mantad Empayar Portugis. Ekspedisi Portugis koiso ii nokorikot id Malaka nopo nga ontok toun 1507. Tumanud Sajara Malayu, tulun Malayu di timpuunon nopo nga mongolou diolo sabaagi Banggali Topurak tu' yolo nopo nga tulun Portugis ii poposorou diolo kumaa dudumagang mantad Banggala ii kikulit lobi atalang. Ontok toun-toun gulu, mongolohou o tulun Malayu do Portugis sabaagi Serani (iso ponginibaan id Boros Malayu mantad hogot Arab Nasrani, i kirati do tutumanud Nabi Isa mantad Nazareth).^[10] Kiwa iso kaantakan ii norikud mantad tinimungan pondaratan Portugis di au tinomod pinaparaat do Sultan Malaka miampai popoiliu iso kalung tusak id tulun dau, gisom do tinahan iyolo. Ontok toun 1511, iso armada Portugis, nokorikot id India montok poposinggawa tinimungn dii om maganu do Malaka.

Status maamaso

Komuniti Kristang nopo nga kakal po o kotilombuson koubasanan om boros miampai Portugal do baino, loolobi no miampai wilayah Minho, ii kogumuan do nintodonon peneroka sandad di timpuunon ii. Tulun Kristang nga kakal po papaharo somboogian upacara gorija id boros Portugis om koulunan Malaysia, kohompit diolo sondii nga asaru monuku diolo kumaa komuniti diti sabaagi "Portugis". Gama do au tudukan do boros Kristang di sikul, osomok no atagak o boros diti suai ko id Tiiyonon do Portugis Malaka id Ujong Pasir. Tiiyonon diti nopo nga komuniti Kristang di opurokis ii notoodo ontok toun 1933 miampai tudu do mogowit komuniti Kristang di nakatayad om manamong do koubasanan diolo. Ii nopo di pogulu nga, iso kampung nelayan di mosikin nga kahapas piipiro dikad, nosiliu iti do iso totombuluyon do podtuongisan gulu. Koburuon diti nopo nga nokoingkawas do koonuan mogiigiyon Kristang.

Id Malaysia, koulunan Kristang nopo nga au noonuan do status poimponu bumiputera, iso status ii monuku kumaa tinimungan etnik pribumi. Sundung do ingkaa, noonuan yolo do iso kolision montok mokianu mampayat skim amanah ii ointutunan sabaagi do Amanah Saham Bumiputera, iso kolision di naanu do tulun Malaysia kiraha Siam. Sokodungon program diti do karajaan miampai tudu do monguhup tulun Malayu popoingkawas kohompitan diolo id suang ekonomi pogun. Komuniti Kristang id Singapura nopo nga kohompit do tinimungan di lobi agayo maya koizaai ii nointutunan do komuniti Eurasia. Somboogian diolo nopo nga minundaliu kumaa Perth, Australia Barat id timpu tolu dikad di pogulu.

Koubasanan

Monginsada

Mantad zaman Portugis, poingiyon o koulunan Kristang pointoning do rahat. Koposion diolo nopo nga mimpohon do rahai ii somboogian toponsol mantad koubasanan diolo. Sundung do baino nopo nga kiwaa 10 piatus po mantad komuniti diti do monginsada sabaagi towud koonuan gulu, nga ogumu po kusai i kakal po do monginsada montok mongoruhang koonuan toi ko' montok pomohiok no miampai do sombol. Maya tradisional, momoguno o kokusayan do parahu om kayu tokoro montok monomping langgiang, ii jaring gipan kitiang poring tradisional id koiyonon toribau.

Tuunion om sayau

Tuunion om sayau tradisional miagal ko Branyo om Farrapeira nopo nga tinungkusan mantad sayau rakyat do Portugis. Nintodonon Branyo nopo nga mantad sayau rakyat Portugis selatan ii nointutunan sabaagi Corridinho om asaru do ondoson sabaagi sayau Joget Malayu ii notumbayaan do nokoburu mantad Branyo. Pomogunoon kakamot tuunion barat om skala tuunion barat id orkestra tradisional Malayu om India nopo nga popokito rahung tagaras do Portugis. Sinding Branyo ii totos nointutunan nopo nga, Jingkli Nona ii ondoson sabaagi do "sinding kabansaan au rasmi" montok koulunan Portugis Eurasia.

Taakanon

Naansakan Kristang toi ko' taakanon Portugis Malaka nopo nga nokito do narahung momoguno miampai pomoruhangan taakanon tinanok miampai pomogunoon daging wogok om taakanon rahat id pangangakan diolo. Takano nopo nga taakanon ruji. Ogumu taakanon diolo id totos nointutunan nopo nga Cari Debal. Taakanon suai nopo nga khompit no do sada linugu Portugis, kari gipan tintingabai, Cari Seccu (kari koring), Caldu Pescador (sup nelayan), Sambal Chili Bedri (sambal lado otomou), Soy Limang, Porku Tambrinyu (tinanok daging wogok asam jawa), Achar Pesi (acar sada), Pang Su Si (ruti Su Si), om Kek Sugee. Miagal di koubasanan diolo, tulun Kristang nogi nga oubas makan momoguno longon om okon ko kakamot mangakan. Osomok no kopiagal o naanasakan Kristang miampai do naansakan Eurasian id Singapore om Malaysia.

Ngaran

Koulunan Kristang maya tradisional nopo nga momoguno ngaran koiso kiroromu do Portugis om Kristian, miampai do ngaran paganakan nopo nga kosoruan tumanud do Portugis.

Ugama

Maya koizaan, tulun Kristang nopo nga kiugama Roman Katolik. Tadau Krismas nopo nga kapanaandakan di totos kohiok do sontoun, miampai ogumu tulun Kristang i mogitiitimung do mamarayou om momurimon taakanon, lumoyou sinding Krismas om branyok miampai no do momurimon topurimanan saudadi (kalangadan poinralom). Miagal do kogumu komuniti Katolik mimboros do Portugis id pointonkop pomogunan, koulunan Kristang nogi nga manaandak tadau kapanaandakan do Santo ontok tohuri wulan Mahas ii tumimpuun miampai Tadau Santo Yohane (San Juang) ontok 24 Mahas ii olimpupusan miampai do Tadau Santo Petrus (San Pedro), ii nopo nga santo montok do nelayan ontok 29 Mahas. Kapanaandakan Mahas id Kampung Santo Yohanes nopo nga kagayat tutumombului kumaa id Malaka. Rumikot yolo montok mintong do kapanaandakan tumanud do ugama diti. Suai ko ii, kiwaa nogi ginumu tokoro do bagas kiugama Kristian id komuniti Kristang ii nokoruba kawagu do tadon raha Yahudi Sephardim diolo om guminuli mongigit ugama Yahudi. Ahal diti mogowit kumaa kinoponoodoon Kristang Community for Cultural Judaism (KCCJ) ontok toun 2010, nga au alaid o operasi kotinanan diti gama do faktor politik.

Rahung Portugis kumaa Boros Malayu

Minomorinta Portugis do Malaka mantad toun 1511 gisom 1641. Kiikiro 300 hogot Portugis nopo nga notorimo sumuang id boros Malayu. Ii nopo nga kohompit do:

kereta (from carreta, car);
sekolah (from escola, school);
bendera (from bandeira, flag);
mentega (from manteiga, butter);
keju (from queijo, cheese);
gereja (from igreja, church);
meja (from mesa, table); and
nanas (from ananás, pineapple).

Intangai nogi

Tulun Anglo-Burmese - tinimungan etnik mantad Myanmar
Tulun Burgher - tinimungan etnik mantad Sri Lanka
Filipino mestizo - tinimungan etnik mantad Philippines
Indo - tinimungan etnik mantad Indonesia
Macanese - tinimungan etnik mantad Macau om kosoruan miampai Portuguese ancestry
Bombay East Indians - tinimungan etnik mantad Mumbai, India

Noputan labus

Gerard Fernandis, "Paipia, Relijang e Tradisang" (People, Religion and Tradition), The Portuguese Eurasians in Malayasia: 'Bumiquest', "A Search for Self Identity", Lusotopie, 2000, Sciences Politiques - Bordeaux
"Penang Eurasians", Penang Story
As Malacca loses Kristang, Singapore group seeks to revive 500-year-old language

Sukuon

↑ "People, Culture & Politics".
↑ Humanistic & Secular Jews Build Communities and Congregations Worldwide: Malaysia "Worldwide". Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 27 Gumas 2010. Linoyog ontok 4 Momuhau 2010.
↑ Dubov, Kalman (2022-01-02). Rotterdam – 91 Day Far East Cruise: Volume 2 (id boros Inggilis). Kalman Dubov.
↑ Manan, Shakila Abdul; Rahim, Hajar Abdul (2012-12-05). Linguistics, Literature and Culture: Millennium Realities and Innovative Practices in Asia (id boros Inggilis). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-4396-6.
↑ "Keepsakes of the Kristang Heritage". Ministry of Culture, Community & Youth of Singapore Kaya. Linoyog ontok June 21, 2024.
↑ Templat:Usurped, Joan Marbeck Website, accessed 12 June 2009.
↑ "#AMoT24: Kevin Martens Wong, The Voice Of A People". August Man. Linoyog ontok June 21, 2024.
↑ "Book A Writer / Our Writers: Kevin Martens Wong". Sing Lit Station. Linoyog ontok June 21, 2024.
↑ Julian Wong, "When Exactly Can You Call a Eurasian a ‘Grago’?" Archived 25 Mikat 2021 at the Wayback Machine/
↑ Gerard Fernandis, "Paipia, Relijang e Tradisang" (People, Religion and Tradition), The Portuguese Eurasians in Malayasia: 'Bumiquest', "A Search for Self Identity", Lusotopie, 2000, Sciences Politiques - Bordeaux, accessed 12 June 2009.

[1] "People, Culture & Politics".

[2] Humanistic & Secular Jews Build Communities and Congregations Worldwide: Malaysia "Worldwide". Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 27 Gumas 2010. Linoyog ontok 4 Momuhau 2010.

[3] Dubov, Kalman (2022-01-02). Rotterdam – 91 Day Far East Cruise: Volume 2 (id boros Inggilis). Kalman Dubov.

[4] Manan, Shakila Abdul; Rahim, Hajar Abdul (2012-12-05). Linguistics, Literature and Culture: Millennium Realities and Innovative Practices in Asia (id boros Inggilis). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-4396-6.

[MCCY_KAYA2-5] "Keepsakes of the Kristang Heritage". Ministry of Culture, Community & Youth of Singapore Kaya. Linoyog ontok June 21, 2024.

[6] Templat:Usurped, Joan Marbeck Website, accessed 12 June 2009.

[August_Man2-7] "#AMoT24: Kevin Martens Wong, The Voice Of A People". August Man. Linoyog ontok June 21, 2024.

[8] "Book A Writer / Our Writers: Kevin Martens Wong". Sing Lit Station. Linoyog ontok June 21, 2024.

[9] Julian Wong, "When Exactly Can You Call a Eurasian a ‘Grago’?" Archived 25 Mikat 2021 at the Wayback Machine/

[10] Gerard Fernandis, "Paipia, Relijang e Tradisang" (People, Religion and Tradition), The Portuguese Eurasians in Malayasia: 'Bumiquest', "A Search for Self Identity", Lusotopie, 2000, Sciences Politiques - Bordeaux, accessed 12 June 2009.

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