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Mongolia

Simbanai noputan
Coordinates: 48°N 106°E / 48°N 106°E / 48; 106
Mantad Wikipedia
article nopo diti nga kokomoi the modern sovereign state. For other uses, see Mongolia (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Magnolia.

Mongolia
  • ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (Mongolian)
  • Монгол Улс (Mongol)
Flag of Mongolia
Flag
Emblem of Mongolia
Emblem
Anthem: Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал
Mongol ulsyn töriin duulal
"National Anthem of Mongolia"
State seal
Capital
om kakadayan bobos agayo
Ulaanbaatar[lower-alpha 1]
48°N 106°E / 48°N 106°E / 48; 106
Boros rasmiMongolian
Official scripts
Tinimungan etnik
(2020[2])
Ugama
(2020[2])
DemonimMongolian, Mongol
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic[3]
• President
Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
Gombojavyn Zandanshatar
Kotinanan perundanganState Great Khural
Formation
209 BC
1206
• Completion of Qing dynasty conquest
1691
29 December 1911
• Mongolian People's Republic established
26 November 1924
12 February 1992
Area
• Total
1,564,116 km2 (603,909 sq mi) (18th)
•  Waig  (%)
0.67[4]
Population
• 2023[5] estimate
3,504,741 (131th)
• Density
2.24/km2 (5.8/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $52.989 billion[6] (124th)
• Per kapita
Increase $15,087[6] (103rd)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Ginumu
Increase $18.782 billion[6] (136th)
• Per kapita
Increase $5,348[6] (115th)
Gini (2018)32.7[7]
medium
HDI (2022)Increase 0.741[8]
high · 96th
Mato tusinTögrög (MNT)
Zon timpuUTC+7/+8[9]
Calling code+976
Kod ISO 3166MN
Internet TLD.mn, .мон

Mongolia (boros Inggeris: disebut /mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/), nopo nga pogun ii aiso rahat koduo tagayo id Asia Timur om Asia Tengah. Mongolia nopo miwolit do pogun Rusia id koibutan om China id kabaatan. Mongolia nopo nga momguno sistem politik demokrasi kiparlimen. Kakadayan tagayo nopo nga Ulaanbaatar.

Mongolia nopo nga longkod Empayar Mongol id kurun ko-13 om porinta do Dinasti Manchu mantad abad 17 gisom 1911. Minonsondiri maya kouhupan mantad pogun Rusia id 1924. Soira noruntum Komunisme id 1989, noiduan di Mongolia ii komunisme om minonokodung do ko'oturan demokratik mimpuun do toun 1992. Mantad dii, nokosiliu Mongolia sabaagi pogun demokratik id bobos tomulok.

Miampai kogoyoon sompias 1,564,116 km persegi, Mongolia nopo nga pogun ko-19 tagayo id pomogunan. Kogumuan tana nopo nga arasak, amu produktif om noponu do sakot steppe, nulu-nulu nopo nga id koibutan om kotonobon. Gurun Gobi nopo nga gana ogis ii agayo id ponong kabaatan. 30% mogigion nopo nga poimpasi maya nomad ii no tu koposion miundaliu daliu miampai migit do kiim om piipiro kakamot montok popotilombus koposion. Majoriti mogigion nopo nga kiugama Buddha Tibet. Etnik nopo nga mantad Monggol, Buriat, Kazakh om Tuvan poingion id kotonobon. Iso per tolu mogigion nopo nga poingion id Ulaanbaatar.

Sajara pogulu

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Etnik Mongolia nopo nga poingion id koiyonon diti ontok timpu prasejarah. Poimpasi yolo maya nomad.

Nuut

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
  1. ↑ Also spelled as "Ulan Bator".

Sukuon

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
  1. ↑ "Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script". UB Post. 21 Mahas 2011. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 1 Milau 2011. Linoyog ontok 11 Madas 2010.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Хун ам, орон сууцны 2020 оны улсын ээлжит тооллогы нэгдсэн дун" (PDF) (id boros Mongolian). Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 7 Milau 2020. Linoyog ontok 16 Magus 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ↑ Odonkhuu, Munkhsaikhan (Mansak 12, 2016). "Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy". ConstitutionNet. International IDEA. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Mansak 25, 2016. Linoyog ontok Mansak 21, 2016. Mongolia is sometimes described as a semi-presidential system because, while the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to the SGKh, the president is popularly elected, and his/her powers are much broader than the conventional powers of heads of state in parliamentary systems.
  4. ↑ "Mongolia". The World Factbook. CIA. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Milatok 9, 2021. Linoyog ontok Magus 9, 2015.
  5. ↑ "MONGOLIAN STATISTICAL INFORMATION SERVICE".
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mongolia)". International Monetary Fund. 10 Gumas 2023. Linoyog ontok 16 Gumas 2023.
  7. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Mongolia". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 1 Milatok 2020. Linoyog ontok 22 Gomot 2020.
  8. ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF) (id boros Inggilis). United Nations Development Programme. 13 Gomot 2024. Pinoopi (PDF) mantad sanḏad ontok 13 Gomot 2024. Linoyog ontok 13 Gomot 2024.
  9. ↑ "Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7". Time Temperature.com. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok Gumas 13, 2007. Linoyog ontok Manom 30, 2007.

Sejarah

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Tinaru Mongolia poingion id kinoyonon diti mantad do zaman prasajarah po. Woyo koposion nopo diolo nga miundaliu-daliu.

Xiongnu minomonsoi iso konfederasi id Modu Shanyu ontok toun 209 pogulu Masihi SM. Naala' diolo Donghu di monguasa do Mongolia Timur. Xiongnu nadadi do sosongodon diolo solinaid tolu abad. Mantad dii, winonsoi o Tingolig Tagayo China montok sumaap do kopomolintaan Xiongnu. Marsyal Meng Tian mantad Dinasti Qin minongowit 300,000 askar poingompus do Tingolig Tagayo China. Soboogian mantad Xiongnu minundaliu id Barat gisom nokowonsoi do tinaru Hun. Tinaru Rouran nopo yau nga nadadi do tinaru Mongol pogulu do naala' do tinaru Gorturk.

Sajara pogulu

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Eurasia ontok abad ko-7 om ko-8 porintaon do bansa Gorturk. Yolo nopo diti nga toput pusod do tinaru Uigur, Khitan om Jurchen. Ontok do abad kohopod, nokuasa yolo do bansa Mongol, iso mantad ra'an tinaru Xianbei.

Ontok abad ko-12, songulun momorinta di kingaran sabaagi Temujin pinopoiso kawagu do bansa Mongol om bansa Naiman om Jurchen om om pinopoharo songulun kawagu mangangahak di kingaran Genghis Khan. Ointutunan nogi yau sabaagi do Chinggis Khan. Minimpuun do 1206, pinoinlaab do Genghis o Empayar Mongol di nointutunan do sompomogunan. Kinalaabon Empayar Mongol nopo nga nokorikot id kakadayan tagayo Kiev. Soira napatai i Gengis Khan, nokopogisuusuai o empayar dii kuma'a piipiro boogian ii nopo nga Mongolia om China di polinta'on do Dinasti Yuan. Pinopoimpuun nopo dau nga Kublai Khan di poimpasas id Beijing. Dinansti Yuan nosolianan nogi do Dinansti Ming ontok toun 1368. Askar Ming minonguyung do askar Mongol gisom do hilo Mongolia nga mulong do miagal dii nga amu minomolinta do Mongolia.

Maso nopo do kopomolintaan Empayar Mongol, Mongolia nabaagi kuma'a Oirad id kotonobon om Khalkha id kosilahon. Noopudan di A do pinopoiso ltan Khan Mongolia ontok toun 1571. Nasangod om naala' yau do Dinasti Ming om Altan Khan om kolimpupuson nosiliu kuma'a tutumomboyo kotumbayaan Buddha Tibet.

Ontok abad ko-17, Dinasti Manchu minimpuun do sumangod Mongolia ontok toun 1636 om koinsanan ontok toun 1691. Tumilombus Mongolia porinta'on do Dinasti Qing solinaid piipiro abad.

Soira notuhan o kinoingkakaton Dinasti Qing, Mongolia minongimagon do kemerdekaan pogun di ontok toun 1911. Askar China id siriba do kopomolinta'an Xu Shuzheng minanarang do ibu kota Mongolia ontok 1919. Ungern Cossack sumusuhut nakaanu do minangala askar China montok piipiro linaid. Sinusuhut do susumangod askar komunis mantad China di minangala' kawagu do Mongolia.

Ontok toun 1924, alapas kinapatai'on do momuumuruan kotumbaya'an Bogda Khan, tulun mongol minomorinta sondii pogun diolo miampai do kasaga'an pogun Rusia.

Ekonomi

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Ekonomi Mongolia nopo nga poimpasas no do pomuumutanaman, pomiimiara'an om pongukadan lombong, miampai kakamot-kakamot tapangkal miagal do tambaga, tou, molibdenum, gundol, tungsten om amas.[1] Suai ko iri, industri suai nopo do Mongolia nga tomu pomoomolian, saasakayon om po'oopian, om harata tana'.[2]

Ginumu eksport Mongolia nopo nga soginumu $6.88 bilion om ginumu import nopo nga soginumu do $4.5 bilion ontok toun 2017.[3] Ontok toun 2006, 68.4% eksport Mongolia kuma'a pogun China, om China kopohompit 29.8% mantad import Mongolia.[4]

Prasarana

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Saasakayon

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Wawaya'an Korita Tapui Trans-Mongolia nopo nga waawaya'an tapangkal do Mongolia di kaanu popiromut do Mongolia kuma'a sistom korita tapui id pogun do suai. Mongolia nogi nga haro piipiro gana potuutuludan kapal tulud, miampai soboogian mantad dii nopo nga nolaha'an sabaagi gana potuutuludan kitaraf antarabangsa. Gana potuutuludan kitaraf antarabangsa do Mongolia nopo nga Gana Potuutuludan kapal Tulud Antarabangsa Chinggis Khaan. MIAT Mongolian Airlines nopo nga syarikat potuutuludan kabangsa'an Mongolia, om piipiro syarikat suai nogi miagal do Aero Mongolia om Hunnu Airlines sabaagi syraikat potuutuludan kapal tulud domestik.

Kogumuan toun'alun Mongolia nopo nga wayaan miampai watu kerikil no om soboogian dii nopo nga waawayaan di otigas toomod. Mongolia haro solina'ab 4,800 km waawaya'an kiaspal, miampai 1,800 km mantad do wawaya'an di winonsoi maso toun 2013 no'o.[5]

Demografi

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Boros

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Boros koiso nopo Mongolia nga boros Mongolia di guuguno'on do soginumu 95% momomogun id pogun di. Suai ko iri, dialek boros Oirat om Buryat nogi nga guno'on id pogun dii. Id ponong kotonobon nopo, boros Kazakh om boros Tuva nogi nga guno'on.

Boros Rusia nopo nga bros rinumikot di bobos tagayo guno'on id Mongolia, mulong pia boros Inggeris nokoimpu'un no do mamaganti boros Rusia sabaagi boros koduo. Boros Korea nogi nga mimpuun no do guno'on om korohian id pialatan tulun ginumuan id pogun diti.[6]

Kotumbaya'an

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Kotumbaya'an id Mongolia (Kogumuan kiumul 15 toun om lobi)
Kotumbaya'an Ginumuan Piatus
Aiso kotumbaya'an 735,283 38.6%
Kikotumbaya'an 1,170,283 61.4%
Buddha 1,009,357 53.0%
Islam 57,702 3.0%
<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepawangan" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Kepawangan" class="cx-link" data-linkid="440">Kepawangan</a> 55,174 2.9%
Kristian 41,117 2.2%
Kotumbaya'an suai 6,933 0.4%
Ginumu 1,905,566 100.0%

Tumanud bancian poimbida id toun 2010,id pialatan ginumuan Mongolia di kiumul 15 toun om lobi, 53% ginumuan Mongolia nopo nga kikotumbaya'an do Buddha om soginumu 39% nopo nga tidak beragama. Kotumbaya'an kepawangan Mongolia nopo nga bobos togumu do gunoon id Mongolia solinaid di sajara pogun diti, nga maid-laid dii nga nosolian'an do kotumbayaan Buddha Tibet. mulong do miagal dii nga kakal do minanahak do bagas o kotumbaya'an kepawangan loolobi po id koposion sangangadau ginumuan do hilo gisom nondo. Golongan Kazakh id ponong kotonobon Mongolia, koobian Mongol om tinimungan Turkik suai pongigit do prinsip Islam sabaagi iso Tradisi.

Kotumbaya'an do ginumuan Mongolia pinotingkod maamaso zaman kalajaan komunis,nga nokoguli kawagu alapas do kinorotuon kalajaan komunisme ontok toun 1991.

  1. ↑ "Mongolia". The World Factbook. CIA. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 3 Madas 2015. Linoyog ontok 9 Magus 2015.
  2. ↑ "Background Note: Mongolia". Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.
  3. ↑ "Монголия" [Mongolia]. OEC (id boros Rusia). Linoyog ontok 29 Milau 2019.
  4. ↑ Morris Rossabi; Vladimir Socor (5 Mikat 2005). "Beijing's growing politico-economic leverage over Ulaanbaatar". Jamestown Foundation. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 21 Momuhau 2013. Linoyog ontok 28 Mahas 2013.
  5. ↑ "Tough challenges in 2014 | UBPost News". Ubpost.mongolnews.mn. 26 Momuhau 2013. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 1 Ngiop 2014. Linoyog ontok 5 Mikat 2014.
  6. ↑ Han, Jae-hyuck (5 Mikat 2006). "Today in Mongolia: Everyone can speak a few words of Korean". Office of the President, Republic of Korea. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 30 Manom 2007. Linoyog ontok 17 Magus 2007. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
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