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Toun Wagu Sina

Mantad Wikipedia
article nopo diti nga kokomoi the festival observed on the traditional Chinese calendar. For similar observances in other cultures, including a list of culture-specific articles, see Lunar New Year.

Chinese New Year
Clockwise from the top: Fireworks over Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong; lion dance in Boston Chinatown; red lanterns on display; complex patterns woven at dragon dance in Binondo, Manila; red envelopes; firecrackers exploding; and spring couplet
Lohowon nogi sabaagiSpring Festival, Lunar New Year
Observed byChinese people and Sinophone communities[1]
kawoCultural
Religious
(Chinese folk religion, Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, some Christian communities)
KapansalanCommemoration of the beginning of a new year on the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar
KapanaandakanLion dances, dragon dances, fireworks, family gathering, family meal, visiting friends and relatives, giving red envelopes, decorating with chunlian couplets
TadauwulanFirst day of the first Chinese lunisolar month
2024 dateError in {{Calendar date}} - Check |holiday= unknown holiday Toun Wagu Sina
2025 dateError in {{Calendar date}} - Check |holiday= unknown holiday Toun Wagu Sina
2026 dateError in {{Calendar date}} - Check |holiday= unknown holiday Toun Wagu Sina
KosoruanAnnual
Mionit doLantern Festival and similar celebrations in other Asian cultures
Toun Wagu Sina
"Chinese New Year" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese春節
Simplified Chinese春节
Literal meaning"Spring Festival"
Agricultural Calendar New Year
Traditional Chinese農曆新年
Simplified Chinese农历新年
Traditional Chinese New Year
Traditional Chinese中國傳統新年
Simplified Chinese中国传统新年

Toun Wagu Sina, toi ko' ointutunan nogi sabaagi Karamayan Timpu Bunga (intangai nogi § Names), nopo nga karamayan i manaandak koimpuunon toun wagu tumanud kalendar lunisolar tradisional Sina. Panakatanda nolimpupusan no timpu tosogit om mimpuun no timpu bunga, koindalan o karamayan diti mantad Sodop Toun Wagu Sina, ii nosodop pogulu tadau koiso toun wagu, gisom do Karamayan Tanglung, i pohoroon ontok tadau ko-15 toun dii. Tadau koiso do Toun Wagu Sina mimpuunn ontok wulan wagu id pialatan 21 Milatok om 20 Mansak.[lower-alpha 1]

Toun Wagu Sina nopo nga iso mantad karamayan bobos oponsol id suang koubasanan Sina. Mamarahung ii karamayan i kaagal-agal id suang koubasaan suai ii sukuon maya kolektif sabaagi Toun Wagu Lunar, miagal do Losar id Tibet, Tết id Vietnam, Seollal id Korea, Shōgatsu id Jipun om Toun Wagu Ryukyu.[3][4][5] .Taandakon nogi o karamayan diti pointongkop pomogunan id kinoyonon om pogun i kiwaa populasi Sina Perantauan toi ko' moomomoguno boros Sina signifikan, loolobi id Asia Tenggara. Popohompit ii do Singapura.,[6] Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,[7] Filipina,[8] Thailand. Okito nogi karamayan diti id labus Asia, loolobi id Australia, Kanada, Perancis Mauritius,[9] New Zealand, Peru,[10] Afrika Kabaatan, United Kingdom, Amerika Syarikat, om id kogumuan pogun Eropah di suai..[11][12][13]

Toun Wagu Sina nopo nga mionit miampai mogisuusuai mitos om adat. Maya tradisional, karamayan nopo diti nga timpu montok mamantang dewa-dewa om nogi aki odu.[14] Id China, adat om koubasanan kapanaandakan Toun Wagu nop nga mogisuusuai tumanud kinoyonon,[15] om sodop pogulu Toun Wagu nopo nga kosiwatan montok paganakan Sina do tumimung montok makan totuong sabaagi pirubaan monikid toun.Koubasanan nogi montok monikid paganakan do momorisi walai diolo miampai oinonong, kitudu mongidu nasib au osonong om manahak koiyonon montok nasib di osonong. Iso nopo kagu adat di poindalanon nga monindak do titigaon om totobon miampai karatas aragang om pasangan panandatan (couplets). Tema nointutunan nopo id karatas om pasangan panandatan diti kohompit no kolumaagan toi ko' kataadan, kohoro-horoon om umul anaru. Abaabayan suai kohompit no papaapui bodilan om manahak tusin id suang sampul aragang.

Ngaran

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Intangai nogi: Lunar New Year

Id suang do boros Sina, karamayan nopo diti nga otutunan sabaagi "Karamayan Timpu Mongusak"[16] tu' timpu mongusak tumanud do kalendar lunisolar miampai koubasanan nopo nga tumimpuun miampai lichun, i kumoiso mantad ko' duo nohopod om apat pokomoyon suria i ramayon do karamayan dii maamaso timpu Toun Wagu Sina.[17] Ngaran diti nopo nga kumoinsan i pinosogu di toun 1914 maya di Yuan Shikai, maamaso dii nopo nga presiden toruhai montok Republik China.[18] Pomogunoon rasmi do "Karamayan Timpu Mongusak" nopo nga pinakakal do kerajaan Republik Rakyat China, nga kerajaan Republik China i poinlongkod i Taiwan nopo nga minonorimo om minomoguno do ngaran "Toun Wagu Sina Tradisional".[19]

Karamayan diti nogi nga lohowon sabaagi "Toun Wagu Lunar", sundung pia kalendar tradisional nopo nga lunisolar, okon ko' lunar. Hali pia miagal dii, "Toun Wagu Sina" nopo nga kakal do kodolinan i oubas do gunoon montok tulun di aiso sajara paganakan do Sina.[20] Miampai do Sina Han id suang om id labus do Greater China, soginumu 29 mantad 55 tinimungan tinaru minoriti id China nogi nga mamaramai do Toun Wagu Sina. Korea, Vietnam, Singapura, Malaysia, Indonesia om Filipina nopo nga mamaramai do tadau diti sabaagi karamayan rasmi.[20]

Tadauwulan id suang kalendar lunisolar Sina

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Intangai nogi: Chinese calendar
Perarakan Toun Wagu Sina bobos agayo id labus Asia, hilo Chinatown, Manhattan
Kopomutulan karatas tradisional miampai karakter 春 ('timpu bunga')
Ponindak Toun Wagu Sina poingompus New Bridge Road id Singapura
Sodop Toun Wagu Sina id Meizhou ontok 8 Mansak 2005

Kalendar Sina nopo nga pinopoilo do wulan lunisor i kisuang do solstis timpu tosogit sabaagi do wulan kohopod om iso, i kirati do Toun Wagu Sina nopo nga koubasan no koontok antakan wulan wagu koduo kalapas do solstis timpu tosogit (ingkuri kopio o kotolu sokiro koindalan o tulan interkalari[lower-alpha 2]).[21][2] Id suang do lobi mantad ko 96 piatus toun, Toun Wagu Sina nopo nga wulan wagu i bobos tosomok do kotimpuunon timpu mongusak (lichun) tumanud do kalendar. Id suang do Gregorian, Toun Wagu Sina nopo nga koindalan maamaso tanak tulan i aratu id pialatan do 21 Milatok om 20 Mansak.[22]

Gregorian Tadauwulan Tayam Tadau do sominggu
2024 10 Mansak Naga Kukuak
2025 29 Milatok Tulanut Madsa
2026 17 Mansak Kuda Mirod
2027 6 Mansak Kambing Kukuak
2028 26 Milatok Kara Madsa
2029 13 Mansak Tandaha Mirod
2030 3 Mansak Tasu Tiwang
2031 23 Milatok Wogok Tadtaru
2032 11 Mansak Tikus Madsa
2033 31 Milatok Ox Tontolu
2034 19 Mansak Rimau Tiwang
2035 8 Mansak Arbab Tadtaru

Mitologi

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Hand-written Chinese New Year's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people's homes, Lijiang, Yunnan

Tumanud do legenda, Toun Wagu Sina nopo nga nokotimpuun miampi tayam mitos i lohowon sabaagi do Nian (tayam i poingion id saalom do rahat toi ko' id konuluhan) maamaso Karamayan Timpu Mongusak tounan.[23][23] Nian nopo nga mangakan do tulun kampung maamaso pitanga tuong, lobi-lobi po tangaanak. Sontoun, toinsanan tulun kampung nopo nga minogiupakat do lumisok mantad Nian dii. Songulun kusai molohing no nokorikot sobolum linumisok o tulun kampung om minooboros do modop isio om monuli do Nian dii. Pinopoili o kusai dii do kalatas taragang om minontutud do bodilan. Suab dau, soira nokoguli o tulun kampung, nokokito yolo do aiso korumbakan id kampung diolo. Nandasan diolo do i nopo kusai totuo dii nga songulun dewa i minongumolig diolo. Potilombus, nakarati o tulun kampung do nokoilo i Yanhuang do nunu korosian do Nian, momoguno do warana taragang om tuni di opuhod.[23] Nokoinlaab o koubasanan dii soira monikid Toun Wagu, momoguno o tulun kampung do rasuk taragang, papasait do tanglung taragang, om skrol taragang id totobon om titigaon, om momoguno do bodilan om gandang montok monompurosi do Nian. Mantad dii, au no koumbal nokorikot i Nian id kampung. Id kolimpupuson, nagamit o Nian di Hongjun Laozu, songulun sami Tao nokodori.[24]

Sajara

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Pogulu do karamayan toun wagu nokoindalan, tulun Sina laid nopo nga tumimung om mamaramai do kolimpupusan timpu mongomot maamaso timpu magalang. Hali pia miagal dii, iti nopo nga okon ko' Karamayan Pintangaan Timpu Magalang, hinonggo tulun Sina nopo nga tumimung miampai paganakan montok sumamba do tulan. Id suang d Hiis Klasik, iso hiis sinuat maamaso Zhou Barat (1045 SM - 771 SM) do songulun mororobuat aiso ngaran, pinopokito do koubasanan mamaramai do wulan ko-10 kalendar tadau nokodori, maamaso timpu magalang.[25] Tumanud do hiis dii, momorisi o tongoulun do tapak pinotimbunan do birijin, mogonsok do mijiu (tumpung wagas), mongkorot do kabing om onsokon, mongoi id walai sanganu, monutud do sanganu om momohiok do prospek koposion mogiampai. Karamayan wulan ko-19 dii nopo nga notumbayaan sabagi do iso prototaip Toun Wagu Sina.[26] Rikud karamayan Toun Wagu Sina i kumoiso nopo nga noilaan maamaso timpu Pogun Misaap (475 - 221 SM). Id Lüshi Chunqiu, id pogun do Qin, upacara mongugad do rogon montok mongidu toruuruol, i lohowon sabaagi do "Big Nuo", nopo nga nokorikud sabaagi pinoindalan maamaso tadau kotohuri do toun dii.[27][28] Potilombus, piniiso do Qin o China om nokohimagon o dinasti Qinː om nakasasad om ritual dii. Nokoinlaab iti sinumiliu do koubasanan momolidang do walai miampai pointongkop maamaso timpu pogulu do Toun Wagu Sina.

Kinoroitan kumoinsan kokomoi do karamayan maaso kotimpuunon do toun wagu nopo nga nokorikud maamaso dinasti Han (202 SM - 220 AD0. Id suang do buuk Simin Yueling, i sinuat di surupu agronomi Han Timur, i Cui Sin, nokotolinahas o iso karamayanː "Tadau kotimpuunon do wulan kumoiso, lohowon sabaagi do Zheng Ri. Minogoit oku do sawo om tangaanak ku, montok sumamba do komolohingan om momuhondom do tapa ku. "Potilombus, minonuat isio doː "Tangaanak, sawo, mangaki om mangaki potilombus nopo nga poposurung do wain lado kumaa molohing diolo, momonsoi ruti linugu om manambayang do kolidasan molohing diolo. Iti nopo nga pongintangan di nokoburu."[29] Koubasan sumamba do komolohingan maamaso Karamayan Toun Wagu nopo nga nakaanu do pinakakal do tulun Sina gisom timpu baino.[30]

Sina Han nogi nga minongimpuun do koubasanan tumombului do walai tambalut om mamason do kotobian tadau wagu miampai diolo. Id suang do Book of the Later Han, jilid 27, songulun pagawai watas nopo nga nokorikud do tinumombului do walai songulun mongungumolig disio miampai do setiausaha karajaan, makan miampai dau om mamarayou do merit mongungumolig dii.[31][32]

Maamaso do Dinasti Jin (266–420), tinimpuun do tulun o koubasanan Toun Wagu montok rumamai poingompus do totuong, i lohowon sabaagi do shousui (守歲). Iti nopo nga potolinahason id suang do artikel umum do Jin Barat Zhou Chu Fengtu Ji (風土記, 'Nuut Mongintutun do Kowoowoyoon Songkinoyonon'): "Id kolimpupuson do toun, manahak o tulun do tutungkap om mamason do kopisanangan kumaa toinsanan, lohowon sabaagi do Kuisui (饋歲, 'timpu montok tutungkap'); mangalap do tulun suai momoguno do tiinumon om taakanon, lohowon sabaagi do Biesui (別歲, 'papaatod toun'); Totuong toun wagu, tulun ginumuan nopo nga pointungag poingompus do totuong gisom koulai o tadau, lohowon sabaagi do Shousui (守歲, 'manamong toun')."[33] Rencana diti nopo nga momoguno do frasa Templat:Transliterasi (除夕) montok popokito do Totuong Toun Wagu—frasa i kakal po gunoon gisom timpu baino.

Buuk Dinasti Koibutan om Kabaatan Jingchu Suishiji nopo nga popotolinahas do koubasanan popokobong do poring id timpu kosuabon do Toun Wagu,[34] sabaagi do koubasanan Toun Wagu Sina tradisi Tahun Baru' cina. Momuhiis om canselor dinasti Tang, Lai Gu, nogi nga pinopokito do koubasanan suai id suang do hiis Awal Musim Bunga (早春): "新曆才將半紙開，小亭猶聚爆竿灰", i kirati do "Insan kawagu toun wagu i nokotimpuun nogi sabaagi sampapas pongukaban do kalatas, om mogitiitimung o paganakan id posorili do abus torigi poring di nokokobong."[35] Gunoon do tulun Sina o koubasanan diti montok monompurosi do sunduan taraat, tu' poring nopo nga agangau om lumoput soira otimbak.

Maamaso do timpu Dinasti Tang, pinopoimagon o tulun ginumuan do koubasanan papaato bai nian tie (新肖之典, "pason Toun Wagu"), noroitan do Pason Toun Wagu nopo nga adat i tinimpuunan do Maharaja Taizong dari Tang. Minonuat i maharaja "perayaan sejagat" ("pointongkop pogun mamarayau") id roun amas om pinaatod diolo kumaa montiri-montiri gisom nakaralad, om nosiliu do koubasanan tulun ginumuan, i momoguno do kalatas Xuan om okon no di ko' roun amas.[36] Teori suai nopo nga bai nian tie mantad do tanda' ngaran dinasti Han, men zhuang (門狀, "pongukaban totobon"). Soira poniisan empayar nokosiliu do oponsol om nokodimpot do timpu karayahan diolo id siriba do dinasti Tang, calon-calon nopo nga manu sumiliu do mokiikinobos i pantangon montok maganu do surat sogu. Kalapas kaanu do marka poniisan di tosonong, rumikot id walai do mongingia' i tangaanak miampai men zhuang montok mongounsikou kumaa diolo. Id kotohuri, kosiliu o men zhuang sabaagi simbol tuah, om tumimpuun no o tulun ginumuan do papaatod kumaa tambalut diolo maamaso Tadau Toun Wagu, momolohou diolo momoguno do ngaran wagu. bai nian tie. [37]

Kuplet timpu mongusak i sinuat di Maharaja Qianlong mantad dinasti Qing, baino nopo nga poingopi id Muzium Istana

The Chunlian (Spring Couplets) was written by Meng Chang, an emperor of the Later Shu (935–965 AD), during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period："新年納餘慶，嘉節號長春" ("Enjoying past legacies in the new year, the holiday foreseeing the long-lasting spring"). As described by Song dynasty official Zhang Tangying in his book Shu Tao Wu, Volume 2: on the day of New Year's Eve, the emperor ordered the scholar Xin Yinxun to write the couplets on peach wood and hang them on the emperor's bedroom door.[38][39] It is believed that placing the couplets on the door to the home in the days preceding the new year was widespread during the Song dynasty. The famous Northern Song politician, litterateur, philosopher, and poet Wang Anshi recorded the custom in his poem "元日" ("New Year's Day").[40]

Chinese firecracker

The poem Yuan Ri (元日) also includes the word bao zhu (爆竹, "exploding bamboo"), which is believed to be a reference to firecrackers, instead of the previous tradition of firing bamboo, both of which are called the same in the Chinese language. After gunpowder was invented in the Tang dynasty and widely used under the Song dynasty, people modified the tradition of firing bamboo by filling the bamboo pole with gunpowder, which made for louder explosions. Later under the Song, people discarded the bamboo and started to use paper to wrap the gunpowder in cylinders, in imitation of the bamboo. The firecracker was still called bao zhu (爆竹), thus equating the new and old traditions. It is also recorded that people linked the firecrackers with hemp rope and created the bian pao (鞭炮, "gunpowder whip") in the Song dynasty. Both bao zhu (爆竹) and bian pao (鞭炮) are still used today to celebrate the Chinese New Year and other festive occasions.[41]

It was also during the Song dynasty that people started to give money to children in celebration of a new year. The money was called sui nian qian (随年钱, "money based on age"). In the chapter, "Ending of a Year" (歲除) in Wulin jiushi (武林舊事), concubines of the emperor prepared a hundred and twenty coins for princes and princesses to wish them longevity.[42]

New Year's celebrations continued under the Yuan dynasty, when people also gave nian gao (年糕, "year cakes") to relatives.[43]

The tradition of eating Chinese dumplings jiaozi (餃子) was established under the Ming dynasty at the latest. It is described in the book Youzhongzhi (酌中志): "People get up at 5 in the morning of new year's day, burn incense and light firecrackers, throw door latch or wooden bars in the air three times, drink pepper and thuja wine, eat dumplings. Sometimes put one or two silver currency inside dumplings, and whoever gets the money will attain a year of fortune."[44] Modern Chinese people also put other food that is auspicious into dumplings such as dates, which prophesy a flourishing new year; candy, which predicts sweet days; and nian gao (年糕, "year cakes"), which foretells a rich life.

In the Qing dynasty, the name ya sui qian (壓歲錢, "New Year's Money)" was money given to children during New Year's. The book Qing Jia Lu (清嘉錄) recorded: "elders give children coins threaded together by a red string, and the money is called Ya Sui Qian."[45] The term is still used by Chinese people today. The money was presented in two forms: coins strung on red string or colourful purses filled with coins.[46]

In 1928, the ruling Kuomintang party decreed that the Chinese New Year would fall on 1 Jan of the Gregorian Calendar, but this was abandoned due to overwhelming opposition. In 1967, during the Cultural Revolution, official Chinese New Year celebrations were banned in China. The State Council of the People's Republic of China announced that the public should "change customs" and have a "revolutionized and fighting Spring Festival." Since people needed to work on Chinese New Year's Eve, they would not need holidays during the Spring Festival. In 1980, the traditional Chinese New Year celebrations were reinstated.[47]

Nuut

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  1. ↑ And in extremely rare cases, 21 February, such as in 2319, which would be the first occurrence since the 1645 calendar reform.[2]
  2. ↑ The next occurrence will be in 2033.[2]

Sukuon

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  1. ↑ "Asia welcomes lunar New Year". BBC. 1 Mansak 2003. Linoyog ontok 7 Milau 2008.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Aslaksen, Helmer (17 Madas 2010). "The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar" (PDF). Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 21 Magus 2016.
  3. ↑ Yeung, Jessie (29 Milatok 2023). "Is it Chinese New Year or Lunar New Year? Depends who you ask". CNN (id boros Inggilis).
  4. ↑ Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5.
  5. ↑ "Lunar New Year Ceremonies Live On in the Okinawa Islands". nippon.com (id boros Inggilis). 28 Mansak 2019. Linoyog ontok 30 Milatok 2022.
  6. ↑ "Chinese New Year 2011". VisitSingapore.com. Linoyog ontok 2 Milau 2011.
  7. ↑ "Chinese New Year Celebrated in Grand Scale in Yangon". Mizzima.com. Linoyog ontok 28 Milatok 2019.
  8. ↑ "Philippines adds Chinese New Year to holidays". Yahoo News Philippines. 2 Momuhau 2011. Linoyog ontok 29 Mahas 2013.
  9. ↑ "Festivals, Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius". Mauritius Tourism Authority. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 11 Mansak 2016. Linoyog ontok 28 Milatok 2012.
  10. ↑ "Peru leads Chinese New Year celebrations in Latin America". China Daily. Linoyog ontok 18 Milatok 2022.
  11. ↑ Crabtree, Justina (16 Mansak 2018). "As the Lunar New Year celebrations begin, CNBC looks at Chinatowns across the world". CNBC.
  12. ↑ "Happy Chinese New Year! The year of the Dog has begun". USA TODAY (id boros Inggeris AS).
  13. ↑ "Chinese New Year and its effect on the world economy". BostonGlobe.com.
  14. ↑ "Chinese New Year". History.com. Linoyog ontok 9 Mansak 2013.
  15. ↑ "The Year of the Dog – Celebrating Chinese New Year 2018". EC Brighton (id boros Inggeris AS). 16 Mansak 2018. Linoyog ontok 13 Milau 2018.
  16. ↑ Lee, Jonathan H. X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife (id boros Inggilis). ABC-CLIO. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5.
  17. ↑ "There are 6 Chinese solar terms in spring". GBTIMES. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 8 Ngiop 2019. Linoyog ontok 28 Milatok 2020.
  18. ↑ Huang, Alice (21 Milatok 2020). "Lunar New Year explainer: what's with all the lions and lanterns?". South China Morning Post (id boros Inggilis). Linoyog ontok 12 Mansak 2024.
  19. ↑ 民國政府 曾強廢農曆新年. China Times. 9 Mansak 2016. Linoyog ontok 12 Mansak 2024.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Haiwang Yuan. "The Origin of Chinese New Year". pp. 3, 6. Linoyog ontok 2 Milatok 2016. ... it is also called Lunar New Year in Chinese communities all over the world. ... Chinese outside mainland China still prefer calling it Lunar [New] Year. 'Chinese New Year' is a popular and convenient translation for people of non-Chinese cultural backgrounds. Along with the Han Chinese in and outside China, as many as 29 of the 55 ethnic minority groups in China also celebrate Chinese New Year. Countries like Korea, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia celebrate it as their official festival.
  21. ↑ 中國古代歲首分那幾種?各以何為起點? [In ancient China, how to decide the starting point of a year?] (id boros Mandarin). Central Weather Bureau. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 12 Manom 2017. Linoyog ontok 26 Milatok 2017.
  22. ↑ Aslaksen, Helmer (17 Madas 2010), The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar (PDF), National University of Singapore, p. 31, pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 13 Milatok 2014
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Chan Sui Jeung (2001). Traditional Chinese Festivals and Local Celebrations. Wan Li Book Company Limited.
  24. ↑ "保庇有狗讚－這些年 年獸去了哪裡？". tw.news.yahoo.com (id boros Mandarin). Linoyog ontok 1 Milatok 2023.
  25. ↑ "七月" . 詩經  (id boros Mandarin) – via Wikisource. 九月肅霜，十月滌場。朋酒斯饗，曰殺羔羊。躋彼公堂，稱彼兕觥。萬壽無疆。
  26. ↑ "春节起源". www.sohu.com.
  27. ↑ 呂不韋. "季冬紀". 呂氏春秋  (id boros Mandarin). Vol. 12 – via Wikisource. 命有司大儺，旁磔，出土牛，以送寒氣。
  28. ↑ 司馬彪. "禮儀中". 後漢書  (id boros Mandarin). Vol. 95 – via Wikisource. 先臘一日，大儺，謂之逐疫。
  29. ↑ 崔寔. 四民月令  (id boros Mandarin) – via Wikisource. 正月之旦，是謂正日。躬率妻孥，絜祀祖禰...子、婦、孫、曾，各上椒酒於其家長，稱觴舉壽，欣欣如也。
  30. ↑ "Chinese New Year". History.com. 20 Ngiop 2023. Ritual sacrifices of food and paper icons were offered to gods and ancestors.
  31. ↑ "吳良". 後漢書  [Book of the Later Han] (id boros Mandarin). Vol. 27 – via Wikisource. 歲旦與掾史入賀，門下掾王望舉觴上壽，謅稱太守功德。
  32. ↑ "The Lunar New Year: Rituals and Legends". Asia for Educators, Columbia University. On New Year's Day and for the next several days, people still follow the custom of exchanging visits — with close relatives first, then with distant relatives and friends. Traditionally, the order of these visits also began with the eldest, and the first day was usually devoted to paternal family relatives.
  33. ↑ 周處. 風土記  (id boros Mandarin) – via Wikisource. 蜀之風俗，晚歲相與饋問，謂之饋歲。酒食相邀為別歲。至除夕，達旦不眠，謂之守歲。
  34. ↑ {{cite wikisource |author=宗懍 |title=荊楚歲時記 |wslanguage=zh |quote=正月一日，是三元之日也，謂之端月。鷄鳴而起。先於庭前爆竹，以辟山臊惡
  35. ↑ 来鵠. "早春". 萬首唐人絶句 (四庫全書本)  (id boros Mandarin) – via Wikisource. 新曆才將半紙開，小庭猶聚爆竿灰。偏憎楊柳難鈐轄，又惹東風意緒來。
  36. ↑ [https:// www.chinanews .com/cul/2014/02-07/5808446.shtml "Festival Musim Bunga Purba: Prototaip Tempoh Musim Bunga dan Musim Luruh dan Zaman Negara-negara Berperang" ialah karya asli Festival Musim Bunga =Berita Budaya Baharu"]. 2014 -02-07 – via www.chinanews.com. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ↑ "古人拜年常用"拜年帖"". 半岛晨报 – via www.chinanews.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |tarikh= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ 張唐英. 蜀檮杌  (id boros Mandarin). Vol. 2 – via Wikisource. 蜀未亡前一年歲除日，昶令學士辛寅遜題桃符板於寢門，以其詞工，昶命筆自題云：「新年納餘慶，嘉節賀長春。」
  39. ↑ "Love of Chinese Language Expressed in Couplets". The earliest known couplet was written at Spring Festival 964 by the King of Later Shu. It said: "The New Year is bathed in forefathers' blessings; the joyous festival promises everlasting youth and wealth."
  40. ↑ "Chinese Couplets History, Categories & Quotable Examples". 9 Gomot 2019. The famous poet Wang Anshi (1021–1086) in Northern Song Dynasty even created a poem to depict the spectacular scene of pasting Spring Festival couplets, called New Year's Day (《元日》 [yuán rì]).
  41. ↑ 周, 廣玲 (9 Mansak 2011). "宋代人怎样过年：大抵与今人相似". Guangzhou Daily.
  42. ↑ 周密. 武林舊事  (id boros Mandarin). Vol. 3 – via Wikisource. 后妃諸閣，又各進歲軸兒及珠翠百事、吉利市袋兒、小樣金銀器皿，並隨年金錢一百二十文。
  43. ↑ 熊夢祥. 析津志辑佚  (id boros Mandarin) – via Wikisource. 車馬紛紜於街衢、茶坊、酒肆，雜遝交易至十三日，人家以黃米為糍糕，饋遺親戚，歲如常。
  44. ↑ 劉若愚. 酌中志  (id boros Mandarin). Vol. 20 – via Wikisource. 正月初一五更起，焚香放紙炮，將門閂或木杠於院地上拋擲三度，名曰「跌千金」。飲椒柏酒，吃水點心，即「扁食」也。或暗包銀錢一二於內，得之者以卜一年之吉。
  45. ↑ 顾禄. "遞貢望". 清嘉錄. 長者貽小兒以朱繩綴百錢，謂之壓歲錢；置橘、荔諸果於枕畔、謂之壓歲果子。元旦睡覺時食之，取讖于吉利，為新年休征。
  46. ↑ 邱建一 (24 Milatok 2020). "皇帝也有「壓歲錢」可領內容物曝光". Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 26 Madas 2020. 皇帝領到的壓歲錢的內容是這樣的：「賜皇上之荷包，乃黃緞繡五彩加金，繡有歲歲平安四字，內裝金銀錢、金銀錁子、金銀八寶各一個（各五分重），口上插一小金如意，約二吋許。上鏨連年如意四字。」
  47. ↑ Huang, Wei; Xie, Ying (Milatok 2012). "The New Year That Wasn't". NewsChina. NewsChinaMagazine. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 24 Mansak 2015. Linoyog ontok 24 Mansak 2015.

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